Predicting Critical Conditions and Stress-Strain Curves for Dynamic Recrystallization in SPHC Steel

The hot compression tests on an SPHC steel were carried out in the temperature range of 900-1150 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.1-10 s-1,in which the maximum true strain is 0.8.The activation energy of test steel was calculated,to be 299.4 kJ/mol.The critical stresses and strains for initiation of dynamic recrystallization were determined based on changes of the work hardening rate(θ)as a function of the flow stress(σ)or strain(ε),respectively.The dependence of the peak strain(εp),the peak stress(σp),and the steady state stress(σs)were determined based on the Zener-Hollomen parameter.The mathematical models of the flow stress evolution were established in the hardening and dynamic recovery region and dynamic recrystallization region,respectively.The average error between experimental curves and predicted ones was around 3.26%.     

基于Z参数金属热变形分段流变应力模型研究

考虑峰值应力后的稳态应力的软化机制,构建了包括动态回复和动态再结晶过程的基于Z参数的金属热成形分段流变应力数学模型,在Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机上采用圆柱试样对金属材料进行了进行恒温和恒速热压缩变形试验,研究其在高温塑性变形过程中流变应力的变化规律,确定其形变表观激活能Q和应变硬化指数n,得到了峰值应力,峰值应变,稳态应力与lnZ的线性关系以及动态回复参数和动态再结晶动力学的数学模型,分段流变应力模型的模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

Flow Stress and Critical Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Cu–Fe16Mn0.6C High Manganese TWIP Steel

The true stress–strain curve of Cu–Fe16Mn0.6C twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel was studied with a compression test on Thermecmastor‐Z thermal simulator at a temperature range of 850–1150°C and strain rate range of 0.03–30 s^?1. The influence of deformation temperature and strain rate on high‐temperature flow stress and critical recrystallization behavior of the TWIP steel was investigated. It is concluded that the peak flow stress of Cu–Fe16Mn0.6C under high‐temperature deformation decreases as the temperature increases but increases with the strain rate. Meanwhile at strain rate of 0.03 and 30 s^?1 obvious peak stresses are observed which demonstrates the dynamic recrystallization. The constitutive equation of Cu–Fe16Mn0.6C under high temperature deformation is calculated by linear regression method. The activation energy is 505 kJ mol^?1. The relationship between critical strain of dynamic revrystallization and Zener–Hollomon parameter is determined by the curve between strain‐hardening rate and flow stress.     

17Cr2Ni2Mo齿轮用钢热变形动态再结晶行为

 为了探索材料热塑性变形工艺理论，针对热轧态17Cr2Ni2Mo齿轮用钢进行热力模拟试验，研究材料在应变速率=0.01～10 s-1、热变形温度t=1 050～1 150 ℃条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明，在较高应变速率下，应力在峰值后，出现动态回复或持续性动态再结晶软化，在较低应变速率下，应力呈现波浪多峰值状，出现多次动态再结晶软化。通过加工硬化率随应变变化曲线(θ ε)，确定了动态再结晶临界特征应变量εc，结合峰值应变量εp统计得到εc/εp比值为0.629～0.854，并可知当应变速率一定时，εc随着温度升高而减小，当温度一定时，εc随应变速率的增大而增大。同时建立了流变应力本构方程，数据验证平均相对误差为1.705%。最后建立了动态再结晶动力学模型。     

Fe16Mn0.6C TWIP钢流变应力和临界动态再结晶行为

 利用Thermecmastor-Z热模拟实验机,得到了Fe16Mn0.6C TWIP钢在变形温度850~1150℃,应变速率0.03~30s-1条件下热压缩变形的真应力应变曲线。进而研究了变形温度、应变速率对Fe16Mn0.6C流变应力和临界动态再结晶行为的影响规律。结果表明,850~1150℃范围内Fe16Mn0.6C热变形的峰值应力随温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的增大而升高;且在应变速率为0.03 s-1和30 s-1出现明显的应力峰值,材料发生了动态再结晶。最后采用线性回归方法计算出Fe16Mn0.6C的高温变形流变应力本构方程,得出热变形激活能为469kJ/mol;并通过应变硬化速率与流变应力曲线求出了该钢种动态再结晶临界条件与Z参数之间的关系。     

Hot Deformation Behavior of GCr15 Steel

 Hot deformation behavior of GCr15 (ASTM 52100) steel was investigated using single-hit compression tests on Gleeble-1500 simulator at the temperature range of 850-1100 ℃ and strain rate range of 0. 1-10 s-1. The flow stress constitutive equation of GCr15 steel during hot deformation was determined by stress-strain curves analysis on the basis of the hyperbolic sine equation. And the models of dynamic recrystallization fraction and dynamic recrystallization grain size of GCr15 steel were established by the measured curves and microstructure observation in different experimental conditions. The mean activation energy and the time exponent of dynamic recrystallization kinetics equation in the range of experimental conditions were determined to be 356. 2 kJ/mol and 2. 12, respectively. Meanwhile, the flow stress model was also established by the method of allocating flow stress curve with three main stress values, the saturation stress, the steady state stress and the stress when strain is 0. 1. The flow stress curves predicted by the developed models under different deformation conditions are in good agreements with the measured ones.     

Q345E钢奥氏体动态再结晶行为研究及数学模型的建立

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对低合金高强度结构钢Q345E在1150~800℃之间的奥氏体动态再结晶及动态相变行为进行研究。确定了试验钢Q345E奥氏体动态再结晶的临界应变条件;研究了变形温度、应变速率等变形条件对试验钢奥氏体动态再结晶的影响,通过高温热力学模拟试验得到了Q345E钢在不同变形条件下的流动应力曲线,得出了动态再结晶激活能为467.767kJ/mol,通过对实验数据的拟合回归分析,建立了动态再结晶热变形模型和峰值应力、峰值应变与Z因子的关系,为控制该钢的组织和性能提供了基本依据。     

硅钢50A1300的流变应力和临界动态再结晶行为

 用Gleeble1500D模拟试验机在变形温度为950~1200℃、应变速率为0.01~8s-1、最大变形程度为60%的条件下,对硅钢50A1300做单道次压缩试验,首先分析了不同参数对流变应力的影响,然后用回归法确定了应力模型中的变形激活能及材料常数,得到硅钢50A1300在峰值应力条件和稳态应力条件下的变形激活能分别为270.360和 91.557kJ/mol,同时得到了流变峰值应力模型,模型的相关系数为0.997。最后通过作lnθ -ε图的方法找到了硅钢50A1300发生动态再结晶的临界应变量,并回归得到峰值应变量、临界应变量与参数Z/C的关系式。     

Custom 450高强度不锈钢的动态再结晶行为

摘要：为了探究Custom 450钢的动态再结晶行为,采用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为1050~1200℃和应变速率为0.01~10s-1的变形条件下开展了单道次等温压缩试验。研究结果显示,在变形温度为1050~1200℃和应变速率为1.0~10s-1的变形范围内,钢虽发生了完全的动态再结晶,但应力应变曲线未表现出明显的应力峰值;钢的动态再结晶的晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低逐渐增大,当应变速率为001s-1时,动态再结晶晶粒发生长大。采用双曲正弦函数构建了Cutom 450钢的热变形方程,并建立了钢的动态再结晶动力学、临界应变、峰值应变及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener Holloman参数的定量关系。     

一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢的热变形行为

用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下对一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢进行了热压缩变形试验,测得了其流变曲线,并观察了变形后的组织.试验结果表明,流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大.试验用钢在真应变为0.8,温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下,发生完全动态再结晶.测得试验用钢的热变形激活能为289.9 kJ/mol,并得出了其热变形方程,以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系和动态再结晶状态图.     

03Cr18NiMoN节镍双相不锈钢的热变形行为及热加工图

关键词：双相不锈钢； 流变曲线； 本构方程； 热加工图     

Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviour of Medium Carbon Steel in Austenite Region

The hot deformation behaviour of a 0.47%C (JIS‐S45C) steel in the stable austenite region was systematically investigated under various deformation conditions to collect fundamental data on its high‐temperature deformation and microstructure evolution. The medium carbon steel showed dynamic recrystallization in a wide range of temperatures (850°C～1150°C) and strain rates (10^‐3 s^‐1～100 s^‐1) in the stable austenite region. The dynamically recrystallized grain size was monotonically decreasing with increasing steady state stress. The minimum grain size obtained through dynamic recrystallization was 8.3 μm when the S45C specimen was deformed at 850°C and 1 s^‐1. The stress‐strain relationships were formularized based on a phenomenological model. The stress‐strain curves estimated by the obtained equation were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Flow Stress Behaviors and Microstructure Evolution of 300M High Strength Steel under Isothermal Compression

The compressive deformation behaviors of 300M high strength steel were investigated over a wide range of temperatures （850- 1200 C） and strain rates （0. 001- 10 s^- 1 ） on a Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The measured flow stress was modified by the corrections of the friction and the temperature compensations, which nicely reflect negative effects of the friction and temperature on the flow stress. The corrected stress-strain curves were the dynamic recrystallization type on the conditions of higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate. Flow stress increases with the increase of strain rate at the same deformation temperature and strain. By contrast, flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature at the same strain rate and strain. Dependence of the peak stress on temperature and strain rate for 300M steel is described by means of the conventional hyperbolic sine equation. By re gression analysis, the activation energy （Q） in the whole range of deformation temperature is determined to be 367. 562 kJ/mol. The effects of the temperature and the strain rate on mierostructural evolution are obvious. With the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of the strain rate, the original austenite grain sizes of 300M steel increase. At the same time, the corrected flow stress curves more accurately determine the evolution of the microstrueture.     

45钢低温区热变形行为研究

 利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了不同变形条件对45钢低温区热变形行为的影响。试验结果表明：峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大;当应变速率[ε]≥0.01s-1、变形温度 [t]＜500 ℃时,发生动态回复;当应变速率[ε]≤1s-1、变形温度[t]≥500 ℃时,发生动态再结晶。在Sellars -Tegart方程的基础上,建立了45钢低温区加工硬化-动态回复、动态再结晶2阶段流变应力模型;根据试验结果计算拟合了模型中各参数。采用建立的流变应力模型成功预测了动态回复、动态再结晶型应力-应变曲线。利用上述模型对45钢中厚板轧后低温工业热矫直的矫直力进行了预测,其结果与实测值吻合良好。     

07MnNiMoDR板轧制热变形本构方程

摘要：利用 Gleeble-3500 热模拟实验机完成了07MnNiMoDR钢热等温平面应变压缩实验,获得了温度 900～1100℃、应变速率 0.01～1s-1、变形率45%等条件的高温流变行为,其中温度和应变速率对流变应力的影响明显。基于对Arrhenius 方程和 Zener Hollomon 参数的解析,获得了热变形激活能Q,确定了峰值应力本构模型;通过分析应力应变与位错的关系,获得了硬化率及Z参数等与应力之间的内在关联性,建立了加工硬化 动态回复过程的流变应力模型;基于动态再结晶理论,采用Avrami模型计算了动态再结晶体积分数,获得Z参数计算方法,建立了动态再结晶过程的流变应力模型。利用所建立的本构模型完成了预测及对比分析,相关系数r为0.99,所建立的本构关系模型精度很高。     

粉末冶金TiAl合金热变形行为及加工图的研究

采用热模拟压缩试验研究了粉末冶金TiAl合金在温度1000～1150℃、应变速率0.001～1s-1范围内的高温变形特性,发现合金的流动应力-应变曲线具有应力峰和流变软化特性。为了研究TiAl合金在有限应变下的变形行为,基于动态材料模型(DMM)建立起了TiAl合金加工图。试验结果表明,在高应变速率(0.1s-1)变形时,材料落入流动失稳区域,出现表面开裂。这对材料的变形是有害的,要避免在流动失稳区进行热加工处理。而在温度为1000～1050℃,应变速率为0.001～0.01s-1时,功率耗散率η值在35%～50%之间。这个区域对应的变形机制为动态再结晶,适合进行热加工。在高温(≥1100℃),低应变速率(0.001s-1)变形时,功率耗散率η达到最大值60%,此时材料发生超塑性变形。     

Modeling of Mechanical Characteristics in Hot Deformation of 4130 Steel

In this investigation, hot compression tests were performed at 900 °C ? 1100 °C and strain rate of 0.001 ? 0.1 s^?1 to study hot deformation behavior and flow stress model of 4130 steel. Based on the classical stress–dislocation relations and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization, the flow stress constitutive equations of the work hardening‐dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were established for 4130 steel, respectively. The validity of the model was demonstrated by comparing the experimental data with the numerical results. The agreement of this comparison is quite reasonable.     

High Temperature Deformation Behavior of 4340 Steel: Activation Energy Calculation and Modeling of Flow Response

The 4340 steel is extensively utilized in several industries including automotive and aerospace for manufacturing a large number of structural components. Due to the importance of thermo-mechanical processing in the production of steels, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of 4340 steel were investigated. Namely, hot compression tests on 4340 steel have been performed in a temperature range of 900–1200 °C and a strain rate range of 0. 01–1 s^?1 and the strain of up to 0. 9. The resulting flow stress curves show the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The flow stress values decrease with the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate. The microstructure of 4340 steel after deformation has been studied and it is suggested that the evolution of DRX grain structures can be accompanied by considerable migration of grain boundaries. The constitutive equations were developed to model the hot deformation behavior. Finally based on the classical stress-dislocation relations and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization; the flow stress constitutive equations for the dynamic recovery period and dynamic recrystallization period were derived for 4340 steel, respectively. The validity of the model was demonstrated by demonstrating the experimental data with the numerical results with reasonable agreement.     

Study on dynamic recrystallization behavior of hot rolled TRIP steel produced by CSP process

The dynamic recrystallization behavior of hot rolled TRIP steel produced by CSP process was studied by means of Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine in the temperature range of 950-1150℃ with the strain rate of 0.1-10s-1 and the strain of 65%. And the effect of initial austenite grain size on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of TRIP steel was explored. The results show that the finer initial austenite grain size, the higher deformation temperature and the lower strain rate, the more positive austenite dynamic recrystallization of TRIP steel. Moreover, it is found that when the coarse grained samples (initial austenite grain size is 767.54μm) deform in the range of 1050℃ to 1150℃, the austenite dynamic recrystallization will take place, and the dynamic recrystallization activation energy of TRIP steel is deduced as 361539.17J/mol. The Zener-Hollomon parameter equation as a function of strain rate and temperature is determined. And the model of critical strain for dynamic recrystallization, the flow stress model of austenite at high temperature and the grain size model for dynamic recrystallization are also established. The calculation results are coincided well with the experimental results.     

Hot Deformation Behavior of P92 Steel Used for Ultra-Super-Critical Power Plants

 Hot compression tests of P92 steel at temperatures in the range of 1173 to 1523 K and at strain rates in the range of 0.1 to 10 s-1 were carried out on a Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator, and the corresponding flow curves were measured. The results showed that the flow stress and the peak strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. The critical Z value, below which the complete dynamic recrystallization may occur, was determined to have 4.61×1018. The hot deformation activation energy of the steel was about 437 kJ/mol. The hot deformation equation and the microstructure diagram of P92 steel were obtained. For the convenience of the practical application, the empirical equation for the peak stress can be described as σP=17.17ln+902499T-524.1.