Cu-Ni-Al系合金铸态组织研究

对Cu-Ni-Al系合金的铸态组织进行研究,使企业更好地认识和了解Cu-Ni-Al系列合金,进而更好地开发利用该合金.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪,对Cu-Ni-Al和Cu-Ni-AlTi合金进行观察和分析.结果表明:Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al合金铸态组织中枝晶组织与偏析区(Ni3Al)界限十分明显,且枝晶组织比较粗大.而Ti的加入促使Ni和Cu的分布变得均匀,并且Ti的加入使合金中有魏氏体产生,致使合金的力学性能降低,减小了合金的变形能力,导致Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金在热轧时有开裂的现象发生.并且能谱分析显示Ni3Al存在于枝晶中和枝晶间,说明Ni3Ti的稳定性较好,在高温时就有Al3Ti形成,在固溶扩散过程中,Ni3Ti被排挤到枝晶之间,形成第二相.     

2D70铝合金半连续铸锭组织及热形变对组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)及扫描电镜(SEM)对2D70铝合金的半连续铸锭的不同位置铸态凝固组织及其热形变后的组织进行了观察,并采用X射线衍射物相分析(XRD),能谱分析仪(EDS)对合金在凝固过程中的形成相进行了分析,对经过不同热形变工艺及淬火时效处理后的棒材进行了力学性能检测。结果表明,2D70铝合金凝固组织为典型枝晶结构,铸锭从心部到外部晶粒逐渐变细小,等轴倾向逐渐增加,沿晶界析出物逐渐增加。典型铸态组织为α(Al)、灰色蜂窝状S(Al2CuMg)、褐色针状Al7Cu2Fe和棕色条状或片状Al9FeNi相。与直接挤压工艺相比,采用先锻后挤大变形工艺后的组织均匀,化合物破碎严重,为进一步热处理和压力加工提供了良好的条件。先锻后挤工艺棒材最终抗拉强度和断后延伸率高于直接挤压棒材。屈服强度峰时效前先锻后挤的低于直接挤压的,而峰失效后前者高于后者。两种变形工艺棒材的分别于时效23和20 h达到强度峰值,先锻后挤工艺棒材的峰时效时抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率分别为453 MPa,390 MPa和12%。     

2099铝锂合金均匀化退火的微观组织及Al3Zr析出分析

研究2099铝锂合金铸态及均匀化处理后的微观组织和成分分布以及该合金最佳均匀化处理状态时Al3Zr的析出情况。结果表明:2099铝锂合金铸态的微观组织存在严重的枝晶偏析,很多低熔点共晶相分布在晶界,合金中Cu和Mg元素在晶界分布不均匀;经过一系列不同温度和时间的均匀化处理后,2099铝锂合金铸态微观组织中的非平衡相逐渐溶解,各元素分布趋于均匀;2099铝锂合金的过烧温度为515℃,最佳的均匀化制度为505℃/24 h;经该制度均匀化处理后,Al2CuMg、Al2CuLi和AlLi相大部分回溶进α(Al)基体中,通过透射电镜可观察到Al3Zr析出相以及α(Al)基体的超点阵结构;并且该均匀化制度与均匀化动力学方程得到的结论基本一致。     

快速凝固Al-Cu-Mg-Fe-Ni合金的显微组织和析出过程

利用X射线衍射、DSC、透射电镜和能谱分析研究了快速凝固Al 4Cu Mg 3Fe 4Ni (质量分数 )合金急冷态和退火态的显微组织 ,同时测定了该合金的显微硬度。结果表明 :快凝合金急冷态组织为过饱和α Al基固溶体和Al3 Ni相 ;当快凝合金经 4 0 0℃× 1h处理后 ,有少量S相 (CuMgAl2 )析出 ;快凝合金经 4 0 0℃× 9h处理后 ,出现了FeNiAl9弥散相 ;在合金组织中未见Al Cu Fe和Al Cu Ni相。随时效时间的增加 ,快凝合金的显微硬度不断增加 ,达到峰值后硬度缓慢下降 ,之后随FeNiAl9析出硬度又重新增加。     

不同Fe含量对6063铝合金组织与性能的影响

采用显微组织分析、扫描电镜(SEM)观察和拉伸试验等方法研究了不同Fe元素含量对6063铝合金组织与性能的影响。研究结果表明,当Fe元素含量为0.2%时,晶粒平均尺寸最小,力学性能最好。相组成为:α(Al)、Mg2Si、AlFeSi、FeAl3。当使用565℃×10 h均匀化制度处理后,合金铸态组织中的枝晶网络基本溶解,非溶相和枝晶偏析基本消除,电导率最大,均匀化程度高。     

2524铸态合金均匀化过程中微观组织的变化

在不同温度和不同保温时间条件下对2524铸态合金进行均匀化处理,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和金相显微镜(OM)等,研究2524铸态合金在均匀化过程中微观组织的变化,并分析在不同的均匀化处理状态下T相(即Al20Cu2Mn3相)的析出情况。结果表明:2524铸态合金中存在严重的枝晶偏析,大量的非平衡共晶相连续地沿晶界分布,主要的第二相为Al2Cu和Al2Cu Mg;主要合金元素不同程度地富集在晶界,富集程度为CuMgMn;最佳的均匀化处理制度为500℃/48 h,均匀化处理后,Al2Cu和Al2Cu Mg基本回溶至基体,只余少量难溶的Al Cu Fe Mn相散布在晶界,该均匀化制度与均匀化动力学方程的计算结果基本一致;随均匀化处理温度升高,T相粒子的尺寸逐渐增大而数目逐渐减少。     

Mg-Cu合金共晶组织形貌及CuMg_2的小平面特性

利用OM和SEM等观察不同铜含量Mg-Cu合金的铸态共晶组织形貌,探讨不同共晶组织的形成机理及CuMg2相的小平面特性。结果表明,Mg-Cu亚共晶合金中共晶组织的数量随铜含量的增加逐渐增加,初生相数量减少,且在Mg-15%Cu合金中出现了晕圈组织。在Mg-Cu合金系中有CuMg2和Cu2Mg两种金属间化合物相,CuMg2以有棱有角的小平面生长,而Cu2Mg以非小平面生长。     

2024铝合金的均匀化热处理研究

采用光学显微镜(OM)、差热分析(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法,研究2024铝合金铸态与均匀化态的显微组织演化和成分分布。结果表明:2024铝合金的铸态组织枝晶偏析严重,在晶界存在很多低熔点共晶相,Cu,Mg和Mn元素在晶内及晶界分布不均匀;经过均匀化处理后,合金组织中的非平衡相逐渐溶解,各组元分布趋于均匀;该合金的过烧温度为503.1℃,合理均匀化制度为495℃,24 h,该制度与均匀化动力学方程得到的结论基本一致。     

喷射成形Al-8.5Fe-1.1V-1.9Si耐热铝合金的组织演变及性能分析

研究了喷射成形Al—8．5Fe—1．1V—1．9Si耐热铝合金组织结构的演变规律，测试了挤压态合金在室温及高温条件下的力学性能。与铸态组织特征相比较，喷射成形工艺有效地消除了铸态合金中粗大的富Fe析出相，获得了细小均匀的组织结构。利用OM，SEM，TEM，XRD等材料分析测试手段，探索了材料中可能的组织演变过程及规律，结果表明：喷射成形制备的Al—Fe—V—Si耐热铝合金中，形成了大量的弥散分布的球状相，有效的保证了合金在室温及高温下的力学性能。室温下，合金的抗拉强度可以达到445MPa，屈服强度也达到了398MPa，延伸率为16％；在315℃，合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为229和209MPa。     

Al-4.3Zn-1.4Mg合金铸态组织研究

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析以及差热分析,研究了Al-4.3Zn-1.4Mg铝合金的铸态组织以及铸锭的过烧温度。结果表明,Al-4.3Zn-1.4Mg铝合金的铸态组织中主要存在T相、Mg2Si相和Al Fe Mn三种结晶相;过烧温度为479℃。     

铸造法制备Al63Cu25Fe12准晶

通过常规铸造法制备了Al63Cu25Fe12准晶合金,并对其热处理工艺进行了初步探索,采用显微镜和扫描电镜观察了金相组织,采用XRD衍射分析了其中的准晶相及类似晶体相。研究结果表明,铸造法制备的AlCuFe准晶材料中主要由二十面体I相、立方结构β相和单斜结构入相3种物相组成。常熔铸制备的Al63Cu25Fe12准晶合金在接近I相熔点长时间退火,可以显著提高I相的含量。     

Dissimilar Friction-Stir Lap Joining of 5083 Aluminum Alloy to CuZn34 Brass

In this research, lap joining of Al-Mg aluminum alloy and CuZn34 brass was produced by friction-stir welding during which the aluminum alloy sheet was placed on the CuZn34. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were used to probe the microstructures and chemical compositions. In addition, the mechanical properties of each sample are characterized using both shear and hardness tests. The optimum parameters resulted in no visible welding cracks and defects. A dark area in the Al/CuZn34 interface contained intermetallic compounds Al₂Cu, Al₄Cu₉, and CuZn. In addition, the results show that using high rotational speeds or low traverse speeds causes the growth of the interfacial intermetallic area.     

Microstructural changes in a mechanically alloyed Al-6.2Zn-2.5Mg-1.7Cu alloy (7010) with and without particulate SiC reinforcement

Elemental powders of Al, Zn, Mg, and Cu (corresponding to the composition of 7010 aluminium alloy) were milled in a high-energy attritor with and without additions of SiC particulates. The microstructural changes taking place in the milled powders (which eventually lead to mechanical alloying) are found to be retarded by SiC additions. High-resolution techniques such as electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM/EDX) revealed the presence of localized solute-rich regions long after the diffraction line from these solutes had ceased to appear in the X-ray diffractograms. Zinc appears to be more difficult to be mechanically alloyed into aluminum than either Cu or Mg in spite of its comparatively larger diffusivity in aluminum.     

Microstructure and fatigue characteristics of direct chill cast and electromagnetic cast 2024 Al alloy ingots

The distinct advantages of the electromagnetic casting (EMC) process consist in the presence of stirring motions in the melt, which lead to significant grain size reduction in solidified ingot. Furthermore, surface and subsurface qualities are improved due to the absence of ingot mold. However, it is impossible to achieve the aforementioned advantages in conventional direct chill casting (DCC). In order to contrast the before and after heat treatments of the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of EMC and DCC 2024 aluminium alloys, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractions (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), etc. were carried out. Compared with the DCC ingot, the EMC ingot has better mechanical properties not only in the ascast condition but also in the as-aged condition. The DSC curves show that the EMC specimens have high enthalpy, i.e., the thermal kinetic energy to form precipitates during the aging treatment process. Despite heat treatments applied to the DCC ingot, it fails to attain the same mechanical properties as the EMC ingot. Moreover, considering the expernsive scalping operation for DCC ingots, the EMC technique, which offers a lower manufacturing cost, is one of the best manufacturing methods used in obtaining the ingots of wrought aluminum alloys.     

Microalloying of Sc, Ni, and Ce in an advanced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical microscopy, the effects of microalloying elements of Sc, Ni, and Ce on the microstructure of a new super-high-strength ingot metallurgy (IM)/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy (C912) have been correlated with mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior. Using microalloying with Sc, Ni, and Ce, the C912 alloy can exhibit very high strength and good SCC resistance. Compared to the baseline C912 alloy, Sc refines the microstructure and retards recrystallization, Ni promotes the development of matrix precipitates, which enhance the strength and SCC resistance, and Ce has little effect on alloy strengthening in the three microalloying additions studied. The Sc-containing alloy (C912S) is the most attractive and even exhibits higher strength (ultimate tensile strength (UTS) greather than 660MPa) than the new Alcoa aluminum alloy 7055 and the Russian alloy B96, which have the highest strengths of the commercial IM/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.     

机械合金化制备Zr50Cu40Ai10非晶合金粉末及其晶化研究

以金属Zr、Cu和Al为原料,通过真空熔炼和气体雾化制备Zr-Cu-Al合金粉末,再经高能球磨得到Zr50Cu40Al10非晶合金粉末。采用氮/氧分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热分析仪(DSC)对其非晶形成能力及晶化行为进行研究。结果表明,球磨120h后可获得Zr50Cu40Al10非晶合金粉末,且随球磨时间增加,粉末的颗粒尺寸逐渐减小,90h后达到亚微米级。球磨过程中由于铁的增加,使合金的结构"混乱度"增加、负混合热增大,因而热稳定性增强,其过冷区间ΔTx为62K,约为雾化法制备的非晶合金粉末的2倍。此外,采用非等温晶化方法,用KISSINGER方程计算出机械合金化Zr50Cu40Al10非晶合金的玻璃转变和初始晶化的表观激活能分别为152.6kJ/mol和172.4kJ/mol,远小于相应的气体雾化法制备的Zr50Cu40Al10非晶合金粉末表观激活能,其原因是粉末中氧含量和体系自由能较高。     

大直径铝锭热顶铸造中超声施振深度的细晶机制

在直径为650 mm的铝合金热顶半连续铸造过程中施加双源超声振动系统, 研究3种超声辐射杆浸入深度对铸锭宏观凝固组织的影响.基于铝合金铸锭凝固组织形貌的检测结果以及ANSYS等有限元软件对铸造过程中声场的仿真结果, 深入探讨了超声辐射杆在不同的施振深度下对铝合金铸锭凝固组织细化机制的影响.结果表明: 随着超声辐射杆施振深度的增加, 铸锭截面组织整体进一步细化, 晶粒形状由发达的枝晶变为等轴枝晶; 由于超声辐射杆端面以及柱面存在几个固定位置处振动波峰, 在铝熔体中不同的超声施振深度下存在不同的超声空化范围, 进而导致凝固组织的细化机制也不同.      

半连续铸造7136超高强铝合金的组织特征及均匀化处理工艺

以半连续铸造7136铝合金为研究对象, 以铸态组织分析为基础, 采用双级均匀化. 结果表明: 与其他7×××系铝合金相比, 7136铝合金铸态组织没有明显的层片状α(Al)+T共晶相的特征, 也没有发现S相的存在. 基体中的弥散相为微米级的圆形或棒状MgZn₂相, Mg元素和Zn元素随着液态合金的凝固, 在Al基体中以MgZn₂相的形式析出, 为了平衡Mg元素和Zn元素的分配系数, Mg元素和Zn元素从液态向固态迁移, 这也是使得晶内Zn元素和Mg元素偏高的原因. 经过462℃, 24 h单级均匀化, 残留相大致消除. 随着均匀化时间的延长, 残留相有减少的趋势, 但作用相对较小. 经过450℃, 24 h+470℃, 24 h双级均匀化, 差示扫描量热法获取的峰值非常小, 晶间除了少量高熔点Al₇Cu₂Fe相残留, Al₂Cu等其他相已基本消除, 均匀化效果显著.      

Twin Roll Casting of Al-Mg Alloy with High Added Impurity Content

The microstructural evolution during twin roll casting (TRC) and downstream processing of AA5754 Al alloy with high added impurity content have been investigated. Strip casts with a high impurity content resulted in coarse α-Al grains and complex secondary phases. The grain size and centerline segregation reduced significantly on the addition of Al-Ti-B grain refiner (GR). Coarse-dendrite arm spacing (DAS) “floating” grains are observed in the impure alloy (IA) with higher volume in the GR strips. Two-dimensional (2D) metallographic analysis of the as-cast strip suggests that secondary phases (Fe-bearing intermetallics and Mg₂Si) are discrete and located at the α-Al cell/grain boundaries, while three-dimensional (3D) analysis of extracted particles revealed that they were intact, well interconnected, and located in interdendritic regions. Homogenizing heat treatment of the cast strip breaks the interconnective networks and modifies the secondary phases to a more equiaxed morphology. During rolling, the equiaxed secondary phases align along the rolling direction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests that α-Al(FeMn)Si and Mg₂Si are the predominant secondary phases that are formed during casting and remain throughout the downstream processing of the GR-IA. The high-impurity sheet processed from TRC resulted in superior strength and ductility over the sheet processed from small book mold ingot casting. The current study has shown that the TRC process can tolerate higher impurity levels and produce formable sheets from the recycled aluminum for structural applications.     

Electrode pitting in resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy 5182

Electrode pitting was investigated in resistance spot welding of 1.5-mm-thick sheet aluminum alloy 5182 using a medium-frequency direct-current welder and electrodes with a tip face curvature radius of 50 mm and tip face diameter of 10 mm. Detailed investigation of the metallurgical interactions between the copper electrode and aluminum alloy sheet was carried out using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that electrode degradation, which eventually leads to weld failure, proceeded in four basic steps: aluminum pickup, electrode alloying with aluminum, electrode tip face pitting, and cavitation. Since pitting and cavitation result from Al pickup and alloying, periodic electrode cleaning could extend electrode tip life by limiting the buildup of Al on the tip face. This work is part of the effort to improve electrode tip life in resistance spot welding of aluminum alloys for automotive applications.