连铸板坯三维二冷动态配水与精准压下研究与应用

在现有工艺条件下,校验和完善二冷区铸坯凝固传热计算数学模型,开发三维二冷配水模型,解决目前设备状况下冷却水分布不均匀对铸坯温度的影响,从而控制铸坯表面质量,特别是铸坯的角部裂纹,同时对板坯连铸二冷配水制度进行改进和优化,使之满足高效连铸生产条件和改善铸坯质量的需要。提出压下参数计算公式,结合所开发三维二冷配水模型,优化现有压下工艺,提出并应用精准可控单段压下、非稳态压下控制,集中解决连铸板坯中心偏析、中心疏松和缩孔等内部质量问题。同时优化模型数据库,使之数据更加完备,模型计算更加准确,同时模型具备异钢种混浇过程二冷及压下控制功能,能够进行凝固终点W形预测与控制,可进一步提高模型适用性和准确性。模型开发并成功在多家钢厂现场应用,有效改善了铸坯裂纹和偏析等铸坯表面和内部的质量问题。      

连铸小方坯中心裂纹的成因分析及控制

从连铸工艺角度分析了2#连铸小方坯中心裂纹的形成原因,认为二次冷却强度过大和钢水过热度过高导致铸坯柱状晶发达,是引发铸坯中心裂纹形成的重要因素。通过降低比水量、优化各段二次冷却水分布量完善二次冷却工艺,降低钢水过热度等工艺措施,有效控制了中心裂纹的发生,铸坯质量明显改善。     

宝钢在线二冷控制模型的研发与应用

针对连铸生产过程中的二冷配水问题,建立了铸坯的凝固传热数学模型。通过实时模拟计算铸坯的温度场,并与PID控制技术相结合,开发了在线二冷控制模型。模型能自动根据钢种、铸坯规格及工艺参数的变化动态调整二冷控制水量,将铸坯的表面温度控制在工艺目标值附近。通过设计合理的控制系统架构,确保了二冷控制系统的稳定性及可靠性。在线测温结果表明,模型具有很高的计算精度。当拉速、浇注钢水过热度变化时,模型能快速将水量调整到目标值,速度快且超调小,从而确保铸坯的表面温度跟踪误差始终限制在较小范围内;当浇注过程处于相对稳态时,铸坯的表面温度保持在目标值。目前,模型已经应用于宝钢内外的多台连铸机,应用效果良好。     

20CrMnTi钢凝固过程数值模拟与质量控制

包钢开发了圆坯连铸数学模型对20CrMnTi钢凝固过程进行数值模拟计算,精确计算铸坯凝固进程,指导连铸工艺控制与二冷优化等技术措施,精确控制铸坯温度场与凝固终点位置,使20CrMnTi圆形铸坯中间裂纹、中心裂纹得到稳定控制,中心疏松和缩孔得到明显改善。     

高拉速下37Mn5钢连铸圆坯内部质量控制研究

针对Φ200 mm 37Mn5钢圆坯高拉速下铸坯存在的内部裂纹、中心缩孔与中心疏松等缺陷,结合生产实际分析得出过热度高、结晶器电磁搅拌强度偏小、二冷工艺及喷嘴布置不合适是引起铸坯质量问题的主要原因。通过建立经射钉及测温试验验证的凝固传热模型与采用高斯计测量电磁搅拌磁场的分布特征分别对二冷工艺制度和结晶器电磁搅拌参数进行优化,同时对二冷区喷嘴布置进行改进。结果表明:对于Φ200 mm断面37Mn5钢连铸拉速从1.4 m/min提高到1.8 m/min,铸坯内部质量明显改善,内部裂纹消失,中心缩孔和中心疏松均为0.5级,若过热度大于30℃,仍存在比较严重的中心缩孔。     

15CrMoG钢Φ450 mm管坯连铸二冷工艺的优化

建立了15CrMoG钢(%0.12～0.18C,0.80～1.10Cr,0.40～0.55Mo)弧形连铸Φ450 mm圆管坯的二冷工艺模型以优化连铸二冷工艺.生产结果表明,在0.4～0.6 m/min拉速下生产Φ450 mm 15CrMoG钢圆管坯时,采用弱二冷工艺,二冷比水量0.30～0.35 L/kg,延长二冷区长度,控制铸坯进入矫直点前表面温度在950 ℃以上,则铸坯的等轴晶率达47.0%～49.3%,无中心缩孔,近表面和中间裂纹0级,中心裂纹0～0.5级,断面碳偏析ΔC%为0.02%,硫偏析ΔS%为0.005%,满足了生产无缝管的铸坯质量要求.     

重轨钢大方坯连铸二冷系统及轻压下工艺的优化

针对武钢生产重轨钢初期,连铸二冷系统和轻压下工艺参数不合理,铸坯存在部分内裂纹、中心疏松严重、重轨探伤合格率低等问题,开展了优化二冷配水和轻压下的试验。通过工艺优化使重轨钢铸坯质量得到明显改善,铸坯内裂纹消失、疏松I级率从之前的89.64%上升至99.51%,铸坯生产的重轨探伤合格率由85%左右上升至98.3%。     

HPB300小方坯裂纹成因分析及控制

采用工艺调查结合铸坯低倍分析方法,对武钢集团昆明钢铁股份有限公司HPB300小方坯裂纹成因进行了研究分析,结果表明:导致铸坯产生裂纹的主要诱因为硫含量偏高(w(S)0.030%),降低了钢的临界应变值;碳含量偏低(w(C)=0.12%~0.17%),造成坯壳薄弱处应力集中,增加了铸坯表面裂纹及凹陷的敏感性;连铸过程钢水过热度偏高(平均33℃)、冷却强度偏大(二冷比水量1.92L/kg)、拉速偏慢(2.12m/min),导致铸坯表面温度梯度增大,裂纹敏感性加剧。针对上述诱因,对化学成分、钢水过热度、二冷比水量、拉速等工艺参数进行了优化,铸坯质量显著改善,裂纹发生率由9.5%降至0.2%,中心裂纹完全消除,角裂、中间裂纹缺陷级别降至0.2级。     

大断面连铸圆坯中心裂纹的成因和控制研究

针对某钢厂Φ600 mm AISI4130钢连铸大圆坯存在的中心裂纹,通过低倍观测到裂纹分布在V型偏析区内,采用原位分析发现中心主要为碳、硫偏析,采用扫描电镜观察裂纹形貌发现裂纹为凝固前沿卵形树枝晶开裂形成的空隙,分析裂纹成因是凝固末期低熔点元素富集芯部,同时凝固收缩使铸坯中心产生较大的拉应力使卵形树枝晶开裂。运用ANSYS软件建立大圆坯传热和应力模型,计算铸坯的温度场和应力场,模拟计算结果表明,凝固末端铸坯中心拉应力超出抗拉强度。提出在凝固末端施加强制冷却工艺,通过模拟计算验证了末端强冷可加速铸坯外部向中心收缩,抑制铸坯中心凝固收缩产生较大的拉应力,有效降低大断面圆坯中心裂纹的产生风险和概率。     

M—IEMS对重轨钢连铸大方坯质量的改善

以 2 8 0mm× 32 5mm重轨钢大方坯的试验数据为依据 ,分析了电磁搅拌参数和连铸工艺参数对铸坯中心碳偏析以及铸坯的裂纹发生率及低倍组织的影响 ,采用M -IMES以及与连铸工艺参数合理匹配 ,能明显改善铸坯的中心碳偏析 ,降低裂纹发生率并改善铸坯的内部组织结构     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Concept of freedom of infection of animal flocks

Totally negative results of epidemiological investigation of random samples do not prove the absence of the infection as the pathogen may be restricted to only a few animals in the herd for a long time. The statement "absence of infection" is critical for such situations. The question is raised, whether the statement "absence of infection" should be generally avoided. Classification of herds and flocks according to the prevalence of the pathogen would be more valid for the implementation of control measures.     

显微维氏硬度测量不确定度评定

对显微维氏硬度测量不确定度进行评定，建立了不确定度计算的数学模型，确定了影响实验结果的各项因素，计算出了各因素的标准不确定度，得出结果的扩展不确定度，并给出最终测量结果的表达式。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。