Correlation of mechanical properties with nondestructive evaluation of babbitt metal/bronze composite interface

Interfaces of the babbitt metal-bronze composite were examined ultrasonically and were fractured using the Chalmers test method. It was found that the ultrasonic results correlated with the bond strength, the ductility, and the degree of bonding at the tested interface. Specifically, high ultrasonic reflection percentages were associated with low bond strength, low ductility, and low percentages of bonded regions. The fracture mechanism in the bonded area of the babbitt-bronze interface is related to the presence of the intermetallic compound, Cu₆Sn₅, at the interface. It is suggested that the non-destructive ultrasonic technique can detect the bond integrity of babbitted metals.     

High-Productivity Forge Welding of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy to A2024 Aluminum Alloy Using an AC Servo Press

We have developed a high-productivity dissimilar bonding technology intended for the automobile sector, which is increasingly becoming multimaterial oriented. The forge-welding process, which involves diffusion bonding with plastic deformation in the open air, was used to bond AZ80 magnesium (Mg) alloy with A2024 aluminum (Al) alloy with a pure titanium (Ti) sheet interlayer using a high-speed, high-precision AC servo press. The influences of the preheat temperature, Ti sheet thickness, and the pressure holding time on the tensile strength were surveyed. In addition, the influence of the polishing of the bonding surfaces was examined. A pressure holding time of 0.1 seconds with a cycle time of less than 2 seconds provided high-strength bonding. Furthermore, a high-strength bond could be achieved with a Ti sheet thickness of only 0.3 mm and without needing polishing before bonding or heat treatment after bonding. Cross-sectional textures of the macro- and micro-fracture surfaces and elemental analyses of the bonded interface were examined. The fracture side of the bonded interface, the Ti-Mg alloy side, had a thin (ca. 5 nm) Ti-Al reaction layer (RL), which confirmed a diffusion bonding mechanism between the Ti and Al elements present in the Mg alloy. Despite processing in air with an extremely short processing time, this impacting press method provided good plastic deformability and sufficient elemental diffusion to result in high-strength bonding with a tensile strength ranging from 130 to 150 MPa.

     

Interfacial characteristics for brazing of aluminum matrix composites with Al-12Si filler metals

Discussions concerning the interfacial reactions and characterizations in brazing aluminum matrix composites are documented in this study. Joints of alumina particulate reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composites were made using an Al-12 (wt pct) Si filler metal by vacuum brazing. The resulted maximum bonding strengths were 75.4, 81.5, and 71.8 MPa for 10, 15, and 20 vol pct alumina reinforcement, respectively. The microstructural examinations revealed that the bonding strength was strictly related to the reinforced alumina particles and the reaction products presented at the joint interfaces. During brazing, Mg segregated at the joining interface and alumina/6061 Al interface. Further, reactions between alumina and 6061 Al matrix resulted in the formation of Mg-rich phases, such as MgAl₂O₄ and MgO, near the joining interface and the alumina reinforcement. The Si in the filler material penetrated into the metal matrix composites (MMCs) matrix and segregated at the alumina/6061 Al interfaces. This phenomenon can be confirmed by a joint between two alumina bulk specimens.     

高纯铝与铜爆炸焊接性能分析

使用爆炸焊接对高纯铝与铜坯料进行连接,将超声C-scan应用于爆炸焊接复合板坯的无损探伤,并从坯料微观组织和力学性能等方面分析了焊接性能。结果表明,C-scan能够在不破坏板坯的情况下,全面快速检测爆炸焊合率;焊接完成后,铝板坯晶粒间有条状应力带,热处理后应力带消失且晶粒未异常长大。爆炸焊接能实现高纯铝与铜的高强度焊接,焊接强度约43MPa。     

A microstructural study of dislocation substructures formed in metal foil substrates during ultrasonic wire bonding

A study has been conducted on the deformation mechanisms in metal substrates subject to aluminum ultrasonic wire bonding (UWB). Aluminum wires were bonded to copper, nickel, stainless steel, and aluminum bronze foil substrates and then removed in aqueous sodium hydroxide to permit thin sections of bonded areas to be examined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed a variety of dislocation substructures formed during bonding, including dislocation cells, subgrains, and planar arrays. Aluminum and copper showed evidence of thermal effects on microstructural evolution during bonding, such as dislocation annihilation at cell walls in copper and complete recrystallization in aluminum. In the nickel and stainless steel substrates, which have higher recrystallization temperatures, thermal effects on microstructure were not observed. In addition, it was found that low stacking-fault energy (SFE) materials, such as aluminum bronze, were less likely to undergo cell formation, and only planar dislocation arrays formed. In general, it is clear that the process of UWB induces cyclic stresses in the substrates, which exceed the yield strength of the metals examined. In addition, there is some heat generated during the bonding process, which can influence the resultant deformation microstructure.     

Thermal Transients During Processing of 3003 Al-H18 Multilayer Build by Very High-Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing

Previous investigations suggested a gradient in bond microstructure along the height of a “build” made by very high power ultrasonic additive manufacturing—a rapid prototyping process that is based on ultrasonic seam welding. The bonding of foils is associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization at the interfaces between them. To understand heating patterns across the build that may be responsible for such microstructure evolution, temperatures from different interface regions were recorded simultaneously during the fabrication of a 3003 Al-H18 multilayer build under a given processing condition. Thermal transients were observed over multiple interfaces of the build during welding of each layer. The temperatures were the highest for the layer processed and were found to diminish beneath with each subsequent layer. Such maximum temperatures also depended on the height at which the new layer was bonded. The occurrence of transients across the build is rationalized based on heat being conducted away from the processed layer.     

Aluminum beam leaded chips,substrates and crossovers: A single metal system

A single metal system for beam-leaded chips, substrates and crossovers has been shown to be feasible using aluminum. Beams were formed on both ceramic substrates with holes tented with Riston (a sheet photoresist) and on silicon wafers by vacuum evaporation of aluminum from multiple tungsten filaments, and subsequent delineation and etching using photolithographic techniques. The chips with beams were separated from the wafer by anisotropic etching, and the tenting material removed from the ceramic by dissolution in appropriate solvents or an oxygen plasma. Beams were formed on polyimide sheet by photolithographically etching an adhesiveless laminate of aluminum on polyimide. Actual working samples have been fabricated of aluminum beam leads on ceramic and plastic substrates, aluminum beam leaded crossovers on ceramic, aluminum crossovers on plastic using multilayers and aluminum beam leaded silicon chips. Standard integrated circuit chips have been ultrasonically bonded into these substrates and the beam leaded chips have been ultrasonically bonded to an aluminum coated substrate. Environmental physical tests have shown the beam leads and crossovers to be rugged.     

Recycling of aluminum matric composites

Separation of matrix metals in composites was tried on alumina short fiber-reinforced aluminum and 6061 alloy composites and SiC whisker-reinforced 6061 alloy composite for recycling. It is possible to separate molten matrix metals from fibers in the composites using fluxes that are used for melt treatment to remove inclusions. About 50 vol pct of the matrix metals was separated from the alumina short fiber-reinforced composites. The separation ratio of the matrix from the SiC swisker-reinforced 6061 alloy composite was low and about 20 vol pct. The separation mechanism was discussed thermodynamically using interface free energies. Since the flux/fiber interface energy is smaller than the aluminum/fiber interface energy, the replacement of aluminum with fluxes in composites takes place easily. Gases released by the decomposition of fluxes act an important role in pushing out the molten matrix metal from the composite. The role was confirmed by the great amount cavity formed in the composite after the matrix metal flowed out.     

Recycling of aluminum matrix composites

Separation of matrix metals in composites was tried on alumina short fiber-reinforced aluminum and 6061 alloy composites and SiC whisker-reinforced 6061 alloy composite for recycling. It is possible to separate molten matrix metals from fibers in the composites using fluxes that are used for melt treatment to remove inclusions. About 50 vol pct of the matrix metals was separated from the alumina short fiber-reinforced composites. The separation ratio of the matrix from the SiC whisker-reinforced 6061 alloy composite was low and about 20 vol pct. The separation mechanism was discussed thermodynamically using interface free energies. Since the flux/fiber interface energy is smaller than the aluminum/fiber interface energy, the replacement of aluminum with fluxes in composites takes place easily. Gases released by the decomposition of fluxes act an important role in pushing out the molten matrix metal from the composite. The role was confirmed by the great amount cavity formed in the composite after the matrix metal flowed out.     

金属材料累积叠轧焊界面的结合特性

 金属材料的界面结合特性是累积叠轧焊技术的关键，在多功能强力热轧机上利用ARB工艺分别对Q235钢和L2纯铝进行了累积叠轧焊自身界面结合特性的试验研究。重点研究了累积叠轧焊材料的界面结合特性，界面结合强度，界面断裂特性，材料组织状态对界面结合的影响。研究结果表明：材料的界面结合性能不仅与首次压下量、变形温度有关，而且，在再结晶温度以下，累积叠轧次数与首次临界变形量共同决定了材料的显微结构，从而决定了材料的界面结合特性，当累积次数超过2次时，材料的界面结合接近基体强度。     

电解制备含钪铝合金三元相超声细化机制

研究采用超声协同熔盐电解法制备Al–Si–Sc和Al–Cu–Sc合金,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射研究超声对合金中三元含钪强化相形貌与尺寸的影响,进而阐明超声细化机制。研究结果表明,协同超声促使三元AlSiSc相由粗大菱形管状转变为细小实心方棒状,其尺寸由205减小到40 μm左右;超声显著细化三元AlCuSc相团簇尺寸,由约100减小至约30 μm;超声协同细化机制主要是通过提高形核率细化初生Al₃Sc相并促进其均匀分布,进而作为形核发育基底,最终实现三元含钪相细化;同时超声也可促进合金溶质均匀分布,避免粗大Al₃Sc相析出;超声细化三元含钪相机制主要作用于电解后凝固阶段。      

熔体处理方法对纯铝铸锭超声波除气的影响

研究了不同的熔体处理方法对纯铝铸锭超声波除气的影响,分析了影响超声波除气效果的原因.结果表明,采用合适的超声波处理,可显著地降低铸锭内的含气量.     

Effect of Operation Parameters on Diffusion Bonded AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075 Aluminum Alloys

Rolled plates of 5 mm thick AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075 aluminum alloys Joints were fabricated by diffusion bonding at different temperatures. The microstructure evolution of AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075 aluminium alloys were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Metallurgical investigations and mechanical tests were also performed to correlate the microstructural investigations with the mechanical properties of the produced diffusion bonded joints. It was observed that the bonding and shear strength increased with the increase in bonding temperature due to the diffusion of micro-constituents in the interface. Higher temperature enhanced the uniform distribution of secondary phase particles, which further improved the reduction in pores/defects in the bonded joints.     

相控阵技术在爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板检测中的应用

国内某化工项目使用爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板,除了对结合性能有高于标准要求的指标外,对界面结合的均匀性也提出要求。目前,对界面结合均匀性的判定采用常规的超声脉冲回波法难以实现,采用常规超声C扫检测速度较慢,无法满足大批量的生产进度要求。国内首次将相控阵技术应用到爆炸焊接层状金属复合板产品检测和验收中。相控阵检测通过电子扫查技术,大大提升了检测效率,同时结合C扫描像,使得爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板界面波纹的辨别与判定分析变得清晰直观,并与结合性能有一定的对应关系。     

Correlation of mechanical and ultrasonic properties of Al-SIC metal-matrix composite

Test specimens fabricated from a silicon-carbide (SiC) reinforced aluminum metal-matrix composite forging were examined ultrasonically and subjected to fracture testing. A-scans of ultrasonic back-scatter were recorded, and the velocities of longitudinal and shear waves and the mean density were measured from which elastic moduli were computed. Tensile and fracture toughness specimens were made, and respectively subjected to mechanical testing followed by careful metallographic and frac-tographic examinations. Correlation of mechanical test results, fractographic and metallographic evaluations, and observed ultrasonic back-scatter and reflection phenomena indicates that an inho-mogeneous distribution of SiC significantly degrades mechanical properties. Furthermore, nonuni-formity of SiC concentrations is shown to be detectable by ultrasonic examination. The ultrasonic method shows promise for differentiating between regions in a composite sample that has varying mechanical properties.     

复合溶胶凝胶法制备TiB2可湿性阴极涂层

针对铝工业阴极和阳极碳电极以及侧壁耐蚀导电二硼化钛陶瓷涂层技术,研究用非有机溶剂湿化学陶瓷清洁制造技术,替代沥青粘结工艺。通过氧化铝胶体中的纳米粒子,分散清洁二硼化钛,形成均匀陶瓷悬浮涂料,经刷涂或喷涂形成TiB2涂层。对二硼化钛与工业铝电解体系熔体、气相的化学侵蚀性进行了理论计算,分析了炭基TiB2涂层的耐蚀性、捕获钠的机理。用SEM分析了二硼化钛涂层断面,二硼化钛在氧化铝胶粒的分散下,迁移、渗入多孔的碳基底,在热处理条件下,与基底间形成很强的化学键合,可形成微米至数毫米厚、无龟裂的涂层。涂层的电性能检测结果表明,浆料中氧化铝胶体含量为 10%Wt时电阻率较低,电阻率随烧结温度升高而降低。     

Roll bonding behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V sheets during pack rolling

Low density, excellent corrosion resistance, moderate strengths at high temperatures make titanium based alloys candidate materials for advanced aerospace structures. Advanced joining techniques are emulating for fabrication of complex aerospace structures. Roll bonding is one such solid state joining technique where bonding between two rough and clean surfaces is obtained under high temperature and pressure. The work horse dual phase titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V finds extensive structural application in aerospace and space industries. In the present study, two Ti-6Al-4V sheets are stacked together and encapsulated in a mild steel can followed by evacuation and hot crimping. The pack is extensively deformed to ∼84% reduction in thickness employing conventional hot rolling mill. Partially roll bonded 0.74mm thick sheets were obtained and microstructural evolution was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The incompletely bonded interface was analyzed through elemental mappings by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer and compared with completely bonded region. The partially bonded region revealed the presence of aluminium oxide at the interface which possibly could have hindered complete bonding at that region. The room temperature tensile properties of as- roll bonded Ti-6Al-4V nearly approaches the base material properties.     

Investigations of the bonding mechanism at the joining region of a steel sandwich sheet

A steel sandwich sheet was produced by a high temperature dipping process. An unalloyed steel was used as substrate and an alloyed steel as coating. At the interface of the sandwich sheet a good bonding between the two different steels could be achieved by a bonding process, which was caused by the formation of a diffusion induced liquid phase. Since the bonding is connected to the formation of the liquid phase at the interface, this is similar to a conventional welding process. This welding process was investigated at the interface of well and partially bonded specimens. Based on these investigations the bonding mechanism could be explained.     

超声外场对SiCp/7085复合材料颗粒微观团聚与界面结合的作用机理

采用半固态混合-机械搅拌-超声施振的方法制备了体积分数为10%的SiCp/7085复合材料,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射对颗粒分布与界面进行研究,重点研究超声外场对复合材料颗粒团聚与界面结合的作用机理.实验结果表明:单纯机械搅拌对400目颗粒的团聚与界面结合的作用效果有限;超声外场下,空化作用产生的微射流与瞬时高温高压能够有效破除颗粒团聚体的包裹层,打散颗粒;超声破除颗粒表面氧化膜,除去气体层,使熔体中的镁元素与颗粒直接接触并反应是改善熔体与颗粒润湿性的重要因素;最终在界面处生成MgAl₂O₄强化相,从而获得更优的界面结合.      

热轧不锈钢复合板界面氧化物夹杂的形成机制

 以不锈钢-低合金钢复合板为研究对象,利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对复合界面附近的夹杂物进行了分析。研究发现,不锈钢复合板界面处夹杂物主要为氧化物,其成分与复合界面处的真空度有关。在较低的真空度下(真空度大于15Pa),氧化物夹杂的成分以硅为主,在较高的真空度下(真空度小于0.1Pa),夹杂的成分以铝为主。界面氧化物夹杂主要是由于高温下钢中的Al、Si和Mn等元素向复合界面处扩散并被氧化形成的。由试验结果也可知,随着真空度的降低,界面氧化也变得更加明显,当真空度的值从0.1Pa增加到20Pa左右时,界面氧化物的体积分数从15%提高到了50%。