Issues in mental health services for children and adolescents

Existing system of psychiatric care for children and adolescents is in need of basic reorganization. The authors propose: 1) reestablishment of the speciality of children's and adolescent psychiatrist, a specialist in children's and adolescent narcology, a psychiatrist of early child's age and a pediatric medical psychologist; 2) carrying out the reform of child mental care equal in rights with general psychiatry; 3) preservation and widening of both specialized inpatient and outpatient clinics in general system of child's mental care; 4) legislative and public rehabilitation of children's psychiatry, which suffered considerably from antipsychiatric campaign; 5) professionally organized systematic elevation of psychohygienic, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic knowledges of allied medical and other specialists as well as of parents and of all population too; 6) integration and interaction of govermental services concerning mental health of children and adolescent; 7) organization of regional psychoprophylaxic interdisciplinary centers for children and adolescent.     

4200mm厚板轧机HAGC系统功能研讨

本文对舞钢 4 2 0 0 mm轧机 HAGC系统的设备和性能做一介绍 ,对 AGC功能的开发和应用做出研究 ,阐述 HAGC系统对中厚板轧机提高厚度精度和板形精度、以及扩大产品规格的重要性。     

基于微束X射线荧光光谱的三联冶炼GH4169合金铸锭成分原位定量统计分布表征

采用真空感应熔炼+保护气氛电渣重熔+真空自耗重熔三联冶炼工艺制备的GH4169合金由于其合金化程度较高,且合金铸锭尺寸较大,元素偏析、成分分布不均造成的组织差异都会对合金的力学性能、物理性能产生有害影响。实验基于微束X射线荧光光谱(μ-XRF)具有微区高分辨率、分析速度快、多元素同步分析、非破坏性等优点,通过优化测定条件以及仪器定量方法,建立了基于微束X射线荧光光谱测定GH4169合金铸锭中Al、Ti、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Nb、Mo 8种主要元素含量的方法,探究了从铸锭边缘到中心各元素的含量、最大偏析度的分布趋势,对各元素的最大偏析度、统计偏析度、统计符合度进行了统计分析,得到了GH4169合金铸锭元素含量的分布规律:Ti、Co、Nb、Mo在铸锭中心含量高,在边缘含量低;Al、Cr、Fe、Ni在铸锭边缘含量高,在中心含量低。     

电炉炼钢钢铁原料的现状分析与展望

 电炉炼钢作为短流程的核心工艺,具有铁元素循环利用率高、能源消耗低及环境效益良好的特点,推动电炉炼钢健康发展符合中国实现“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标对钢铁绿色发展的要求。电炉炼钢入炉的钢铁原料种类较转炉多且结构灵活,并且对电炉冶炼的工艺过程控制有直接的影响。为创造充分挖掘和发挥电炉炼钢优势的良好起始条件,针对目前电炉炼钢的主要入炉钢铁原料的情况和特点,从其生产储备、工艺过程操作、能源消耗、环境保护等方面入手,分析了废钢、铁水和直接还原铁作为主要原料的使用现状及优缺点,并着重对比分析了直接还原球团特点和技术指标,为探究和优化合理的电炉炼钢入炉钢铁原料结构提供了理论依据。从资源消耗、环境保护等方面考虑,废钢和直接还原球团将成为今后短流程炼钢的主要原料。结合钢铁循环利用技术和产业专业化的逐渐成熟,以及更加绿色环保的氢冶金技术的发展,废钢综合回收利用技术、高品位洁净球团生产技术、氢气竖炉直接还原技术将会是未来电炉入炉钢铁原料生产技术的发展方向,配套新型高效智能电弧炉冶炼技术将会是未来短流程炼钢的发展方向。     

计算机技术在机械设备故障监测与诊断上的应用

分析了机械设备维护的现状,推崇现代化的设备维护方式,利用计算机技术和捱劝分析技术对重要设备进行在线监测,根据设备的实际状态来进行维护。利用传感器和计算机采集原始振动信号,进行趋势分析和精密人析来判断设备状态,对设备进行科学地维护,及时诊断出齿轮偏心,严重磨损及轴线不平行等故障。     

Effects of iodine and thyroid hormone deficiency during brain development on activities of cholinergic neurone-related enzymes in central nervous system of rats

To study the effects of iodine and thyroid hormone deficiency during brain development on activities of enzymes of central acetyl choline metabolism, activities of choline acetylcholinetransferase (CHAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, basal forebrain and cerebellum in 20-day-old rats were determined. Results showed that CHAT and AChE activities in hippocampus, cerebral cortex and basal forebrain in iodine deficiency and hypothyroid rats were significantly lower than those in controls. A ratio of membranebound AChE to soluble AChE, activities of inextractable AChE, and percentage of its activities in the four sections of the brain in the trial rats were significantly lower, and activities of soluble AChE and its percentage of activities were significantly higher than those in controls. It suggests iodine and thyroid hormone deficiency could affect maturation of CHAT and disturb transformation and maturation of various molecular types of AChE and delay distinctly the development of cholinergic neurone during the critical period of brain development in rats.     

现场总线控制系统的集成技术

FCS和DCS的集成技术包括现场总线和DCS输入输出总线的集成、现场总线和DCS网络的集成、FCS和DCS的集成。FCS和网络的集成技术包括FCS和企业网络的集成、FCS和互联网络的集成。FCS和现场总互的集成技术包括各个现场总线之间提供转换接口、每个现场总线提供标准的OPC接口。     

The management of military medical service as a scientific and academic discipline

Scientific generalization of the medical units maintenance experience in wars and armed conflicts of the second half of the XX century and at occurrence and liquidation of consequences of the extreme situations in view of further development of the military--medical science, its differentiation and formation of new scientific disciplines and theories. Justified necessity for medical service management theory in a relatively independent branch of the military medical service--medical science. The distinctive attributes of the scientific discipline are indicated. The definitions and the structure of the object and the subject of the theory of management of the medical service are given, and new laws are formulated. The purpose, problem and contents of management of the medical service as educational discipline is determined. Some questions of coordination of its fundamental and applied parts are discussed.     

Correlation between ossification of the stylohyoid ligament and osteophytes of the cervical spine

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between ligamentous ossification or osteophytes of the cervical spine and ossification of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament, and to determine any relation between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) of the thoracic spine and ossification of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament. METHODS: Four patients having cervical spine DISH, an elongated styloid process and/or variable patterns of stylohyoid ligament ossification, and clinical findings compatible with Eagle's syndrome are described. Cervical computed tomography scans of 100 patients who also had lateral radiographs of the thoracic spine were reviewed. Point biserial and Spearman rank correlation analysis, McNemar test, chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test were used to determine correlation between elongation of the styloid process and/or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament and (1) ligamentous ossification or osteophytes of the cervical spine (the characteristic spinal manifestation of DISH), and/or (2) DISH of the thoracic spine. RESULTS: (1) Elongation of the styloid process and variable patterns of ossification of the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the stylohyoid ligament, and (2) enlargement of this ligament were significantly correlated with transverse and anteroposterior dimensions of ligamentous ossification or osteophytes of the cervical spine at various levels. The prevalence of such abnormalities of this process and ligament was not significantly different between the patients with and without thoracic spine DISH. CONCLUSION: Variable types of styloid process-stylohyoid ligament complex abnormalities have significant correlation with ligamentous ossification and osteophytes of the cervical spine.     

智能化钢铁制造流程信息物理系统的设计研究

 现代钢铁制造流程是集成烧结、球团、焦化、炼铁、炼钢和轧钢等多工序过程的耗散结构体系。钢铁制造流程是在物质流、能量流和信息流协同运行的条件下,完成一系列复杂的冶金过程和转变。探讨了对钢铁制造过程物理本质以及运行特征的认识和研究,提出了现代钢铁制造流程物理系统的设计理念和方法。阐述了流程工程动态精准设计体系在钢铁冶金工程设计中的应用,讨论了智能化钢铁制造流程的系统层次和构建理念。着重论述了钢铁制造流程信息物理系统的内涵和架构,提出了静态物理系统与信息系统集成、耦合、协同的设计理念和方法,论证了现代钢铁制造流程信息物理系统的智能化设计思路、程序和应用实践。     

我国钢铁工业能耗与大气污染物排放量

分析了钢铁工业的能耗和大气污染物排放量。结果表明：钢铁工业的能耗、污染物排放量远高于工业部门平均水平;在钢铁工业内部,炼铁系统的污染最严重,能耗最高。１９９６年全国重点钢铁企业吨铁净能耗（标煤）为７０４ ｋｇ,其中２９．５ ％ 用于烧结和焦化工序,且在提高原料的理化性能之后,未得到充分回收和利用,是炼铁系统能耗高的一个重要原因。炼铁系统的颗粒物和ＳＯ２ 的排放量分别占钢铁工业总排放量的６８．２ ％和７３．７ ％ ,吨铁颗粒物和ＳＯ２ 的排放量分别为７．４ ｋｇ 和７．７ ｋｇ。但是,末端治理需要大量的投资和维护、运行费用,因此缩短生产流程、采用清洁生产是炼铁生产以至钢铁工业可持续发展的选择。     

Effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane on evoked potentials and EEG

Evoked potentials and EEG are used to monitor the central nervous system and the depth of anesthesia in anesthetized patients. In this study, we examined EEG, VEP, SEP and ABR at various concentrations of isoflurane or sevoflurane, and evaluated the influence of volatile agents and their usefulness for the monitoring of the depth of anesthesia. With increasing concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane, AE (frequency which account for 80% of total voltage) showed dose-related reduction and EEG showed a trend toward a slower wave and higher amplitude. With increasing concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane, P100 of VEP showed a significant dose-related reduction in its amplitude and increase in its latency. So we could not record P100 at the level of the anesthesia of 1.0 MAC with 66% N2O. N20 of SEP can be easily recorded at any depth of anesthesia. And the trend showed consistent dose-related changes in amplitude and latency. With increasing concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane, wave III and V of ABR increased significantly in latency, but the changes were very small. In conclusion, the effect of isoflurane and that of sevoflurane on evoked potentials and EEG are similar with each other and with other volatile agents. SEP is the most consistent and reliable factor to monitor the depth of anesthesia neurophysiologically.     

高银铜铁钙载金炭高温高压解吸电解试验与实践

针对原矿成分复杂,全泥氰化炭浆工艺吸附后载金炭泥质重,银、铜、钙、铁等杂质品位高,高温高压解吸电解载金炭生产中解吸电解循环管道易结垢堵塞,金、银解吸率偏低,解吸时间长,金泥难冶炼等问题,进行了解吸电解工艺试验研究与生产实践。结果表明:在高铜、铁、钙载金炭高温高压解吸电解生产过程中,采用氢氧化钠质量分数2%,氰化钠质量分数0.25%,除垢剂0.2%的组合解吸药剂配液制度,解吸电解温度控制:一段125℃恒温5h,最高温度控制155℃,解吸流量控制在2.25倍炭床体积,贫炭酸洗率控制80%,可解决解吸管道易堵塞难题,解吸电解流量得到稳定保障,管道筛网拆换频次由原来的一天一拆换提高到15天一拆换;金解吸率由83.83%提高到87.15%,银解吸率由95.41%提高到98.37%;解吸电解时间由每柱19.15h缩短至16.67h。加快氰化金银吸附速率,氰化尾槽金银浓度实现科学控制,提升金、银综合回收率。     

冶金机械的绿色设计与制造

随着时代的发展和人民生活水平的不断提升,人们对于冶金机械的设计与制造的要求也越来越高。冶金机械的绿色设计与制造理念充分落实了现代生活中人们对于可持续发展的要求,满足了现代社会发展与建设的需求,成为了冶金机械的设计与制造过程中不可缺少的重要理念,在冶金机械的设计与制造过程中发挥了较为充分的指导作用。本文主要讲述了冶金机械的绿色设计与制造的相关内容,以此来供相关人士的交流参考。     

甘肃洛坝铅锌矿选矿流程考察与优化

我国铅锌矿产资源丰富，但其自然禀赋差且矿物组成复杂，导致其综合回收利用难度大。甘肃洛坝铅锌矿是一座含铅锌且伴生有少量银、硫的泥岩—细碎屑岩型铅锌矿床，因其矿石性质复杂，较早期形成的矿石性质发生明显变化，导致铅锌分选指标及精矿质量下降。为解决现有选矿生产过程中存在的问题，寻找适宜的改进措施和方法，以提高铅锌资源综合利用效率，在研究矿石性质的基础上开展了详细的工艺流程考察。研究结果表明：矿石中碳质、硅质等脉石矿物含量升高，碎磨过程易于泥化，且吸附性能和可浮性好，这些是影响铅锌分选指标的主要因素；通过优化碎磨工艺参数，减少了碳质、硅质等脉石矿物的泥化程度；在浮选工艺中添加适宜抑制剂，并采用高选择性的铅、锌矿物捕收剂，可显著提高铅、锌精矿品位和质量，大幅提高铅、锌回收率，从而实现该复杂含碳低品位铅锌资源的高效综合回收，并为同类矿产资源的选矿回收提供参考依据。     

Ambroxol effect on transepithelial electrical potential difference of isolated tracheal wall

We report a laser microprobe mass analysis of aluminum and iron content in the hippocampus and in the inferior temporal cortex in 2 cases of dementia pugilistica (DP), 4 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 3 controls. There was a predominant accumulation of Al and Fe within neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in both DP and AD cases. High levels of Al and Fe were also detected in the nuclei of NFT-free and NFT-containing neurons, as well as in neuropil probe sites in these cases. In both regions, NFT contained substantially higher levels of Al and Fe in DP compared to AD cases. These findings suggest the existence of an association between the deposition of Al and Fe and NFT formation, and support the possibility of a global dysregulation of Al and Fe transport in DP and AD.     

合理选择二次精炼技术,推进高效率低成本“洁净钢平台”建设

世界金融危机使国内外钢铁工业受到严峻的挑战。中国钢铁工业调整和振兴的重点之一,是以科技进步调整、优化产品和工艺。加快推进高效率、低成本"洁净钢平台"建设已成为当前钢铁厂科技创新的重要任务之一。中国炉外精炼技术的发展经历了起步、推广和优化3个重要阶段,已有了明确的指导思想,达到了一定的规模和水平、积累了经验和掌握了许多关键技术;但精炼比低、合理选择和应用精炼功能等方面尚待改进。研究总结长材、热卷、中厚板、冷轧材等代表钢种炉外精炼高效、优化的工艺,可为各企业提供参考经验。深化对不同类型炉外精炼功能的理解并合理选择,有利于使不同类型产品的基本精炼工艺规范化,有利于加快我国高效率、低成本"洁净钢平台"的建设步伐。     

Dietary intakes of middle-aged European, Maori and Pacific Islands people living in New Zealand

AIM: To compare dietary intakes of Maori, Pacific Islands and European men and women in New Zealand. METHODS: A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate nutrient intakes of 5523 New Zealand workers aged 40 years and over (3997 men, 1524 women) from a cross-sectional survey carried out between 1988 to 1990. RESULTS: Compared with European men and women, Maori women and Pacific Islands men and women consumed larger amounts of total energy per day. Age-adjusted nutrients expressed as percentage contribution to total energy intakes showed that Maori and Pacific Islands men and women consumed less carbohydrate, fibre and calcium, and more protein, fat, saturated fat and cholesterol than European men and women, respectively. These results were consistent with fewer servings of cereal and cheese per month, and more servings of red meats, fish and eggs in Maori and Pacific Islands participants compared with Europeans, after adjusting for age and total energy intakes. Pacific Islands men and women also consumed more servings of chicken, fewer cups of milk and fewer servings of fruit per month compared to Europeans. Maori men and women consumed more slices of bread and fewer servings of vegetables per month compared to European men and women. CONCLUSIONS: There were striking differences in dietary habits, food selections and cooking practices between European, Maori and Pacific Islands participants. Dietary intakes of Maori workers were closer to those of Europeans than those of Pacific Islands participants. Ethnic differences were due to larger portion sizes and increased frequency of most foods in Maori and Pacific Islands participants.     

The rationale for standardized registration and reporting of brain and central nervous system tumors in population-based cancer registries

Most population-based statistical reports of brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors are limited to data of primary malignant tumors and to summary estimates of all tumor locations and histologies. We argue that data of benign brain and CNS tumors should also be included in registry reports and that standard definitions for the reporting of all brain and CNS tumors by site and histology should exist. We demonstrate current inconsistencies in the definitions of brain and CNS tumor sites used in reports. Grouping of brain and CNS tumors by subtype--which integrates the current World Health Organization classification scheme with the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology coding system used in cancer registries--is proposed. Adoption of standard tumor site and behavior codes for annual reports would aid the comparison of rates of brain and CNS tumors between geographic regions, allow for the evaluation of trends over time, and provide new estimates of tumor subtypes in a more clinically relevant format. A consensus among cancer registries and neuroscientists is needed to adopt standard definitions so that accurate and clinically relevant brain and CNS tumor data are available.     

The Richard C. Schneider Lecture. New dimensions of neurosurgery in the realm of high technology: possibilities, practicalities, realities

Fueled by a buoyant economy, popular attitudes and demands, and parallel progress in transferable technical and biological areas, neurosurgery has enjoyed a remarkable quarter of a century of progress. Developmental trends in the discipline have included the following: 1) a refinement of preoperative definition of the structural substrate, 2) miniaturization of operative corridors, 3) reduction of operative trauma, 4) increased effectiveness at the target site, and 5) incorporation of improved technical adjuvants and physical operative tools into treatment protocols. In particular, the computer has become a formidable ally in diagnostic and surgical events. Trends in technical development indicate that we are entering an exciting era of advanced surgery of the human cerebrum, which is heralded by the following: 1) current developments in areas of imaging, sensors, and visualization; 2) new devices for localization and navigation; 3) new capabilities for action at the target point; and 4) innovative concepts related to advanced operative venues. Imaging has provided structurally based surgical maps, which now are being given the new dimension of function in complex and integrated formats for preoperative planning and intraoperative tactical direction. Cerebral localization and navigation based on these advances promise to provide further refinement to the field of stereotactic neurosurgery, as linked systems are superseded by more flexible nonlinked methodologies in functionally defined volume-oriented navigational databases. Target point action now includes not only ablative capabilities through micro-operative methods and the use of stereotactically directed high-energy forms but also the emergence of restorative capabilities through applications of principles of genetic engineering in the areas of molecular and cellular neurosurgery. Complex, dedicated, and self-contained operative venues will be required to optimize the emergence and development of these computer-oriented micro/stereotactic capabilities, which appear to be unavoidably required as locales for the practice and development of virtual reality-based stations for operative rehearsal, simulation, training, and, ultimately, enhancement of operative events through robotic interfaces. Primary impetus for progress has relied upon new combinations of technologies, disciplines, and industries. Philosophical and practical problems include the spectrum of availability of these methods to the population at large, the training of individuals to properly administer these methods, defining the acceptable envelope of expertise, and maintaining suitable delivery and progress while containing spiraling costs. Advanced neurological surgery and the use and development of high-technology adjuvants require a robust economy that has a populace willing to invest in the luxury of such developments. The current socioeconomic situation is fragile from the standpoint of both economics and attitudes of the patients and health care providers, with diversion of economic resources, redistribution of funding bases, modification of patient referrals, practice styles, and service attitudes undermining progress. Economic pressures have brought high-technology methods under great scrutiny regarding their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Reform proposals have specifically targeted technology-oriented services, and the Office of Technology Assessment has recommended increasing the use of managed care providers who look to information on cost-effectiveness and clinical practice guidelines to establish efficient management strategies and issue "report cards." Although the premise is laudable and "gimmickry" needs to be identified, it might be argued that such scrutiny and control might be overbearing and overused, impeding appropriate delivery and progress.