CIGS薄膜太阳能电池靶材的应用及制备

随着铜铟镓硒（CuInxGa1-x；Se2，CIGS）薄膜太阳能电池突飞猛进的发展，铜铟镓硒溅射靶材的需求越来越多。本文介绍了靶材的发展概况、应用情况以及靶材的特性要求，探讨了铜铟镓硒靶材的制备工艺，结果表明，产品能满足靶材特性要求。     

从CIGS材料硫酸浸出液中回收硒的研究

铜铟镓硒太阳能电池（CIGS）芯片废料中硒元素具有很高回收价值。开展了从废旧CIGS电池材料硫酸浸出液中回收硒的研究。对比了铜粉、亚硫酸钠和二氧化硫3种还原剂的沉硒效果,结果表明,二氧化硫的沉硒效果好、同时酸浸液中杂质元素几乎不发生共沉淀,具有很好的选择性。考察了试验温度、二氧化硫流量和初始酸浓度对沉硒效果的影响,得出优化试验条件如下：CIGS硫酸浸出液初始酸浓度20 g/L,100 mL酸浸液中以1.8 L/h的流量通入SO2,在80 ℃下反应2 h。在优化条件下,硒的沉淀率可达94.51%左右,所得粗硒沉淀中硒含量约为95.67%。为废旧CIGS材料回收提供了一种有效的方法。     

重量法测定铜铟镓硒靶材中硒

采用硝酸和盐酸低温加热溶解铜铟镓硒靶材样品,以将样品中的硒氧化为亚硒酸(H2SeO3),在水浴或低温下用尿素驱除硝酸,然后以盐酸为介质,采用亚硫酸将亚硒酸还原为单质硒沉淀,实现了硒与样品中其他元素的分离,将沉淀经抽滤烘干称重,通过计算得到靶材中硒含量,据此建立了重量法测定铜铟镓硒靶材中硒含量的方法。实验确立了测定的最佳条件,并进行了共存元素的干扰试验。结果表明,铜铟镓硒靶材中的铜、铟、镓对硒的测定无影响。采用实验方法测定铜铟镓硒靶材内控样品,测定值与理论配制值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.050%~0.48%之间。3家不同实验室结果平均值的最大误差不超过0.20%,相对标准偏差均小于0.50%。回收率试验表明硒的回收率在99%~101%之间。     

中国首支CIGS薄膜太阳能集电管产品问世

北京大学和燕垣光伏合作开发的60MW铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能集电管项目，经过攻关，确立了以磁控溅射为主，硒蒸镀沉积为辅的技术工艺，成功解决了制备CIGS一系列关键技术和物理问题，并创立了三元叠层硒化法与预制层后处理硒化法制备CIGS薄膜的方法；系统优化了CIGS薄膜硒化与高温重结晶热处理工艺。在长达1年的中试实验，     

废旧不锈钢衬底CIGS太阳能电池中回收钼的研究

废旧铜铟镓硒（CIGS）薄膜太阳能电池芯片中的钼具有很高的回收价值，提出了“氧化酸浸—亚硫酸钠除硒—萃取”的方法回收不锈钢衬底CIGS太阳能电池芯片中的钼。结果表明，采用“双氧水+硫酸”能够浸出镀层中的金属元素，并对不锈钢衬底无伤害；考察了液固比和硫酸添加量对浸出的影响，在最优工艺条件下，废芯片中主要金属元素的浸出率达到95%以上；采用“N235+异辛醇+煤油”萃取酸浸液中的钼时，硒会被同时萃取，采用“亚硫酸钠+双氧水”沉硒后，钼萃取率能够达到98%以上，同时其他金属几乎不被萃取。为不锈钢衬底铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池废芯片的处理提供了一种有效的方法。     

银包覆过渡族金属硒化物的制备及银基复合材料性能

为了提升银基复合材料中各相与基体之间的界面结合强度，改善材料性能，采用化学还原制备银包覆NbSe₂及银包覆Ti_0.09Nb_0.91Se₂颗粒，并通过粉末冶金法制备了Ag基复合材料。结果表明：银颗粒均匀分布在过渡族金属硒化物表面，包覆效果好。银包覆处理增加了过渡族金属硒化物与金属基体Ag之间的接触，改善了Ag与过渡族金属硒化物之间的润湿性，减小了Ag与过渡族金属颗粒之间的排斥力，使得过渡族金属硒化物在Ag基复合材料发生分解的可能性大大降低，提高了复合材料的力学性能，增强了过渡族金属硒化物与基体之间的界面结合强度。与含有NbSe₂的银基复合材料相比，含有Ag包覆过渡族金属硒化物的银基复合材料的摩擦性能略有下降。     

铜铟镓硒基薄膜太阳电池的研究进展

铜铟镓硒(CIGS)基太阳电池是一种具有高转换效率的薄膜太阳电池,实验室制备的CIGS电池转换效率已达22.9%,接近于晶硅类电池最高的转换效率。同时CIGS电池还具有吸收系数高,制造成本较低,并且应用非常广泛等优点。然而,在商业化的大规模生产中,CIGS太阳电池不论在效率还是稳定性上仍与晶硅电池存在差距。进一步提升CIGS电池效率,优化电池性能,扩大电池产业化规模是CIGS太阳电池今后发展的必经之路。当前CIGS太阳电池的发展取得的重大成就,主要原因在于人们对CIGS材料与器件原理的进一步认识。本文综合介绍了CIGS太阳电池作为当前热点的潜力和优势,回顾了近期关于CIGS的研究进展,主要包括电池的缓冲层、吸收层和窗口层的改进,及层界面之间的处理手段,这些技术的发展提高了CIGS电池的转换效率,推动了其产业化进程,同时在电池未来发展方面阐述了相关问题,并对解决方案进行了展望。     

东方钽业与金堆城钼业共攻钼靶材新技术

宁夏东方钽业公司与陕西金堆城钼业集团联合攻克了大尺寸光伏用高纯钼靶材关键技术,开发的钼靶材样品化学成分、物理性能、微观组织等性能均达到国外同类产品水平,纯度大于99.95%,相对密度大于99%。高纯钼靶材的研制成功,使宁夏自治区高纯钼靶材科研水平处于国内领先地位,打破了国外技术和产     

几种ITO靶材第二相的分离和特征对比研究

以来自不同氧化铟锡(ITO)靶材生产企业(编号为进口A、进口B、国产A、国产B、自制A、自制B)的靶材为对比试样,通过将各试样粉碎、过筛和王水腐蚀的方法分离并提取出各靶材的腐蚀产物,本文对腐蚀产物的剩余量、显微形貌、物相组成、失氧率等进行了观察和测试,并进行分析和对比。结果表明:进口靶材晶内小颗粒倾向于聚集、合并,表现为以60～90 nm小颗粒聚集而成的200 nm以上的团簇,而其他靶材小颗粒独立性更强;腐蚀后产物为近等轴状的第二相In_4Sn_3O_(12)或近等轴状与片状的In_4Sn_3O_(12)和In_2SnO_5混合体;各靶材试样的腐蚀量均达到了90%左右,进口靶材试样腐蚀后的第二相余量更多,且加热后第二相粉末出现了1.3%～1.5%的增氧,而其他靶材的增氧率均在1%以下;计算发现,进口靶材的Sn和O含量均略低于国产靶材和自制靶材。     

硒和碲

硒和碲ＥｉｌｅｅｎＨｏｙｎｅ硒主要来源于钢电解精炼产生的阳极泥，并依赖铜的生产而进入市场。硒主要赋存于铜、铁和铅的硫化矿物中，最常见的为黄铜矿、斑铜矿和黄铁矿，偶而也与天然硫共存或呈其它金属硒化物形态。工业上的来源为铜精炼厂阳极泥，还有铜冶炼的烟尘。...     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

显微维氏硬度测量不确定度评定

对显微维氏硬度测量不确定度进行评定，建立了不确定度计算的数学模型，确定了影响实验结果的各项因素，计算出了各因素的标准不确定度，得出结果的扩展不确定度，并给出最终测量结果的表达式。     

Concept of freedom of infection of animal flocks

Totally negative results of epidemiological investigation of random samples do not prove the absence of the infection as the pathogen may be restricted to only a few animals in the herd for a long time. The statement "absence of infection" is critical for such situations. The question is raised, whether the statement "absence of infection" should be generally avoided. Classification of herds and flocks according to the prevalence of the pathogen would be more valid for the implementation of control measures.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.