水商品理论

“水商品理论”是制定水商品价格理论的基础。通过对“水为什么是商品？”、“水商品为什么是一种特殊的商品？”两问题的基本理论进行研讨，企希引起社会各界对“水商品”的了解与重视；并为水价制定理论奠定基础。     

基于污染物通量的潘家口—大黑汀水源地水污染生态补偿量化研究

回顾我国水污染补偿的研究及实践,分析潘家口—大黑汀水源地及入库河流的水质状况,在明确考核断面及考核指标的基础上,建立基于污染物通量的水污染补偿量化估算模型,并根据2013年潘家口—大黑汀水源地入库河流的水质和水量监测数据,估算入库河流水污染生态补偿量。     

淮河流域的水资源保护与水污染防治

淮河是我国第一条进行水污染综合治理的大河 ,被纳入“九五”期间国家水污染防治的重点。经过多年治理 ,淮河流域水污染恶化的势头已得到初步控制 ,入河排污总量有所下降 ,水质也在向好的方向发展 ,部分河段水体功能得到一定恢复 ,但其治理效果与国务院确定的目标仍有很大差距 ,淮河治污依然任重道远。最后对下一步工作提出了建议     

新疆博斯腾湖二维水质数学模型研究

博斯腾湖流域经济总产值占全州经济总量的80%以上,是巴州工农业生产的重要聚集区域。然而,随着流域社会经济的快速发展,流域污染物的产生量、入湖量和污水排放量日益增加,点源污染和面源污染逐年加剧,博斯腾湖已由淡水湖泊演变为微咸湖。因此,建立二维水质数学模型,分析矿化度变化规律,为博斯腾湖的环境管理及环境保护规划等提供科学依据。     

扎龙自然保护区水质污染与保护

本文详细分析了扎龙自然保护区水质污染的现状,其主要原因是工业废水、生活污水的排放和农药、化肥的施用以及来水量减少湿地萎缩退化等原因。据分析扎龙湿地年缺水3亿m3。对此,提出了建立科学的资源与环境生态水利体系等5条保护措施。     

水资源利用、水污染防治投入产出最优控制模型研究及应用

为研究区域水资源利用、水污染防治与国民经济发展之间的数量关系，优化国民经济产业结构及合理控制水资源利用水平和水污染治理水平，应用最优控制理论和优化技术，依据作者所设计和编制的水资源利用、水污染防治投入产出模型，构建了水资源利用、水污染防治投入产出最优控制模型，分析探讨了模型中主要参数的确定方法，对模型进行求解，并以江苏省为例，应用该模型优化求解了满足江苏省国民经济发展要求及水资源可持续利用和水污染控制要求的2006年至2010年国民经济各部门产出水平、发展速度以及各年度水资源使用总量和水污染治理总量。由计算结果分析得出：2006—2010年，江苏省在控制高耗水、高污染部门发展速度不超过10%的同时，水资源使用总量年增长速度应控制在5%～7%左右，COD去除量的增长速度需达到年平均34%左右，方能满足江苏省国民经济发展和水资源、水环境可持续利用的要求。     

对我国水污染防治的几点考虑

回顾了我国水污染防治的主要成绩 ,指出在新世纪中 ,必须以新经济观点认识水污染防治工作 ,从大系统的观念出发 ,整体规划 ,防治并举 ,以防为重。通过产业结构调整 ,开展清洁生产、资源循环 ,把污染挡在生产和地域的上游。最后提出几点创新考虑的具体政策 :建立污染负国内生产总值统计参照指标体系和万元国内生产总值用水定额指标体系 ,进行产业结构调整 ,控制点源污染 ;由生产指导、水资源保护和污染防治部门相结合 ,建立清洁生产研究、实践和推广一体化机构 ;由国家给予某些企业一定的补贴 ,限期提高技术 ,减少污染 ,增加净经济效益 ;抓紧制定饮用水水源地水质标准 ,加大饮用水水源地洁水技术投入。     

The urban stormwater farm

Currently more than 3 billion people live in urban areas. The urban population is predicted to increase by a further 3 billion by 2050. Rising oil prices, unreliable rainfall and natural disasters have all contributed to a rise in global food prices. Food security is becoming an increasingly important issue for many nations. There is also a growing awareness of both 'food miles' and 'virtual water'. Food miles and virtual water are concepts that describe the amount of embodied energy and water that is inherent in the food and other goods we consume. Growing urban agglomerations have been widely shown to consume vast quantities of energy and water whilst emitting harmful quantities of wastewater and stormwater runoff through the creation of massive impervious areas. In this paper it is proposed that there is an efficient way of simultaneously addressing the problems of food security, carbon emissions and stormwater pollution. Through a case study we demonstrate how it is possible to harvest and store stormwater from densely populated urban areas and use it to produce food at relatively low costs. This reduces food miles (carbon emissions) and virtual water consumption and serves to highlight the need for more sustainable land-use planning.     

Visualising a Stochastic Model of Californian Water Resources Using Sankey Diagrams

This paper describes a novel approach to the analysis of supply and demand of water in California. A stochastic model is developed to assess the future supply of and demand for water resources in California. The results are presented in the form of a Sankey diagram where present and stochastically-varying future fluxes of water in California and its sub-regions are traced from source to services by mapping the various transformations of water from when it is first made available for use, through its treatment, recycling and reuse, to its eventual loss in a variety of sinks. This helps to highlight the connections of water with energy and land resources, including the amount of energy used to pump and treat water, the amount of water used for energy production, and the land resources that create a water demand to produce crops for food. By mapping water in this way, policy-makers can more easily understand the competing uses of water, through the identification of the services it delivers (e.g. sanitation, food production, landscaping), the potential opportunities for improving the management of the resource and the connections with other resources which are often overlooked in a traditional sector-based management strategy. This paper focuses on a Sankey diagram for water, but the ultimate aim is the visualisation of linked resource futures through inter-connected Sankey diagrams for energy, land and water, tracking changes from the basic resources for all three, their transformations, and the final services they provide.     

Water Scarcity Impacts and Potential Conflicts in the MENA Region

Abstract

The failure of water resources to meet the basic requirements of society has a host of social, economic, environmental, and political impacts. This paper addresses those impacts with particular reference to the region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Water scarcity is a manmade phenomenon brought about by the increasing demands of the population for water. The imbalance in the population-water resources equation strains society and has an adverse impact on domestic hygiene, public health, and cost of domestic water, and could impart political problems as serious as bringing down governments. On the social side, water scarcity adversely impacts job opportunities, farm incomes, credibility and reliability of agricultural exports, and the ability of the vulnerable to meet the cost of domestic water. Economically, the adverse impact is displayed in the loss of production of goods, especially agricultural goods, the loss of working hours because of the hardships society faces as a result of water scarcity. The impacts of water scarcity on regional stability are addressed with reference to water in the Middle East Peace Process. Finally, the serious impacts of conflicts and potential water wars are discussed. Water, energy, and environment are triplets. The eventual solution to water scarcity lies in the invention of an energy generating technology that renders the cost of power affordable by societies and that does not impart serious environmental problems.     

基于污染物总量控制的太湖水污染补偿量测算

在回顾我国水污染补偿研究及实践现状的基础上,分析太湖水污染状况,提出太湖水污染补偿量测算方法:在确定水污染补偿参与主体、考核断面、考核指标、污染物补偿标准的基础上,从污染物总量控制的角度建立太湖水污染补偿模型,分别进行入湖污染物总量考核和出湖水质考核的补偿量测算。利用2006年出入湖水量、水质资料进行环太湖各行政区水污染补偿量的实例测算,测算结果为,环太湖各行政区的补偿量总共为41 030.4万元,其中苏州市3 918.9万元,无锡市14617.8万元,常州市17913.6万元,湖州市4580.1万元。     

灌溉水资源危机产生的原因及其对策

干旱是我国农业生产的最大威胁，灌溉水资源不足，已经成为粮食产量提高的主要限制因素。本文分析了灌溉水资源危机产生的原因，即城市和工业用水挤占，流域水资源调度失控和灌溉不当造成的水量浪费，并根据存在问题，对相应对策提出了个人见解。     

Towards Quantification of the Water Footprint of Paper: A First Estimate of its Consumptive Component

For a hardcopy of this article, printed in the Netherlands, an estimated 100 l of water have been used. Most of the water is required in the forestry stage, due to evapotranspiration (green and blue water). In addition, the water footprint during the industrial stage, as accounted for in this study, consists of evaporation from water obtained from ground water and surface water (blue water). In this study estimates are made of water requirements for producing paper using different types of wood and in different parts of the world. The water footprint of printing and writing paper is estimated to be between 300 and 2600 m³/t (~2-13 l for an A4 sheet). These estimates account for paper recovery rates in different countries. This study indicates that by using recovered paper for the production of paper the global average water footprint of paper is only 60% of what it would be if no recovered paper would be used at all. Further savings may be achieved by increasing the recovery percentages worldwide. In addition, the global water footprint of paper can be reduced by choosing production sites and wood types that are more water-efficient. The results of this study suggest that the use of recovered paper may be particularly effective in reducing water footprints. This study is a first step towards a better understanding of the significance of the water footprint of paper and the effect of using recovered paper.     

治污先行 建设南水北调东线清水廊道

为了建设南水北调东线清水廊道 ,必须对沿线的污染源进行综合治理。通过对东线黄河以南段水质和污染源现状的分析评价 ,指出南四湖、上级湖及以北地区是东线污染治理的重点。提出治污基本思路 :满足分期调水需求 ,重点控制工业和城市污染源 ,输水与防洪、排涝兼顾 ,实现污水资源化和排污总量控制。根据这个思路 ,介绍了治污方案的实施细则     

Water Resource Use and Competition in an Evolutionary Model

Over the last few years water scarcity and pollution have been rapidly growing at both regional and global level. This has generated in many cases increasing intersectoral competition over the use of a limited amount of water resources. To examine the dynamics that such competition may generate in the economy, the present paper proposes a simple dynamic evolutionary model in which two sectors (A and B) compete for the use of water and studies the impact of water pricing on the dynamics of the two sectors in the presence of a population of interacting economic agents characterized by imitative behaviors. As it emerges from the model, when water is underpriced a self-enforcing process may be observed driving the economy towards a Pareto-dominated equilibrium. In such equilibrium the economy fully specializes in sector A, characterized by the highest negative impact on the water resource, at the expenses of sector B. The paper shows that a policy of fine tuning that increases water price through the endogenous water pricing mechanism examined in the model can inhibit the convergence of the economy to such an equilibrium point and can progressively shift the system towards the less water-consuming sector. Finally, assuming a Leontief production function and performing numerical simulations, it is shown how a change in water price can affect the dynamics of the model, and that the same results hold also in a more general, three-sector context.     

Concept of an innovative water management system with decentralized water reclamation and cascading material-cycle for agricultural areas

Unlike in urban areas where intensive water reclamation systems are available, development of decentralized technologies and systems is required for water use to be sustainable in agricultural areas. To overcome various water quality issues in those areas, a research project entitled 'Development of an innovative water management system with decentralized water reclamation and cascading material-cycle for agricultural areas under the consideration of climate change' was launched in 2009. This paper introduces the concept of this research and provides detailed information on each of its research areas: (1) development of a diffuse agricultural pollution control technology using catch crops; (2) development of a decentralized differentiable treatment system for livestock and human excreta; and (3) development of a cascading material-cycle system for water pollution control and value-added production. The author also emphasizes that the innovative water management system for agricultural areas should incorporate a strategy for the voluntary collection of bio-resources.     

直湖港水环境综合整治探讨

在直湖港水环境质量与污染源调查评价的基础上,计算了水环境容量、污染物入河量及污染物削减目标,并对水环境状况恶化的原因进行了综合分析。对直湖港水环境综合整治规划提出的经济和城乡结构调整、污染源控制和水环境监管等整治措施的污染物削减效果进行了定量分析,论述了各项措施实施后水质目标的可达性。     

上海市引清调水改善水环境探讨

分析了引起上海市水污染的主要原因是大量污水排入河道 ,引入河道的清水量少以及没有合理调活水体等。阐明上海市引清调水的有利条件和必要条件为河网的潮汐特性、水利分片综合治理格局已基本形成、水源地水质较好以及调水试验的实践和研究。根据上海市的水利和水环境特点 ,在加强污染源综合整治的同时 ,以改善苏州河水质为重点 ,对上海市浦西地区 ,浦东新区及崇明、长兴、横沙岛提出了引清调水、改善水环境的构想     

Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

The water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption of people. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study calculates the water footprint for each nation of the world for the period 1997–2001. The USA appears to have an average water footprint of 2480,m³/cap/yr, while China has an average footprint of 700,m³/cap/yr. The global average water footprint is 1240,m³/cap/yr. The four major direct factors determining the water footprint of a country are: volume of consumption (related to the gross national income); consumption pattern (e.g. high versus low meat consumption); climate (growth conditions); and agricultural practice (water use efficiency).     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.