基于多目标评价的市政道路径流污染控制生物滞留设施填料优化

为优化面向市政道路径流污染控制的生物滞留设施填料,运用多目标评价方法对填料的渗透性能、污染物去除效果和经济成本进行综合评估。以我国华北地区的地理特征和市政道路径流污染特征为依据,开展生物滞留柱试验研究,得到填料优化配比为土壤、河沙、草炭土、给水厂污泥(含铝盐)、蛭石、沸石的质量比为30∶24∶6∶20∶10∶10,该填料组合能够维持较好的渗透性能,在污染物(SS、COD_Cr、TN、NH₃-N、TP)去除效果良好的同时,具有填料本地化和固废资源化的特点。     

河泥与海泥陶粒填料生物滞留设施径流控制试验

为探讨河道疏浚泥(河泥)和海洋疏浚泥(海泥)资源化用于生物滞留填料的可行性，分别以河泥和海泥为主要原料制备陶粒，并以两种陶粒为填料搭建了生物滞留试验柱，通过径流雨水渗滤模拟试验，研究了两种试验柱在不同降雨重现期、不同降雨历时和不同污染物质量浓度条件下的运行效果。结果表明：河泥与海泥陶粒作为填料时，生物滞留柱中COD、TP、TN和NH₃-N的淋失量较低，污染物淋失风险较小；在降雨重现期为0.5 a时，河泥与海泥陶粒填料生物滞留柱出流时间分别为49 min和48 min,平均水量削减率分别为34.36%和44.87%,比传统砂土填料生物滞留柱分别提高了34.75%和75.96%;河泥与海泥陶粒填料生物滞留柱对污染物的削减效果明显，对COD、TP、TN、NH₃-N平均负荷削减率分别为50.27%、99.08%、50.72%、79.15%与54.20%、99.58%、55.43%、80.86%,均高于传统砂土填料生物滞留柱。     

南京市典型区域城市湿沉降污染成分特征分析

以南京市中心城区鼓楼区和城市郊区仙林地区为对象,对2009年12月至2011年7月每场降雨雨水进行水质监测和分析,研究城市湿沉降面源污染特征。结果显示:①研究区域雨水的主要污染成分为SO₄^2-、NO₃-N、TN和COD;②实验监测期内,鼓楼地区雨水中SO₄^2-、NO₃-N、TN和COD质量浓度均高于仙林地区雨水组分。其中,SO₄^2-质量浓度平均值62.79mg／L,约是仙林地区平均值16.11mg／L的4倍。③干湿周期对雨水水质影响显著。采集的雨水样本中,久未降雨后的首场雨水的COD、SO₄^2-质量浓度值高于相对连续降水后的雨水相关组分,但NO₃-N质量浓度低于连续性降水后的雨水组分。     

典型屋面初期雨水径流污染特征及生物控制中试研究

为加强城市面源污染控制和推动生物滞留设施的实际应用,通过在线和人工监测方法考察了长沙市典型屋面雨水径流污染的变化规律及装配式高位花坛对污染物的去除性能,并采用Illumina高通量测序手段探究了设施介质中微生物群落的结构组成。结果表明：长沙市屋面初期雨水径流中COD和SS峰值浓度分别为22.9～153.0 mg/L和58.4～294.4 mg/L,具有一定的污染性且二者呈现正相关趋势;污染物浓度峰值出现在降雨开始后的30 min内且随着降雨历时的增加逐渐下降并趋于稳定;降雨量、降雨强度和降雨间隔时间的增加会加剧初期冲刷现象从而进一步恶化屋面径流水质;装配式高位花坛对COD、SS和NH₃—N的平均去除率分别为58.3%、85.3%和66.2%,屋面径流经过净化后水质明显改善;介质中的主要优势菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,其中变形菌门相对丰度为30.0%～46.6%;反硝化过程更容易在出水端发生。     

生物滞留设施对雨水径流热污染控制效果试验EI北大核心CSCD

通过土柱模拟试验,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了生物滞留设施在不同降雨历时、不同服务面积以及不同内部储水层高度条件下对雨水径流热污染的控制效果。结果表明:在进水温度为30℃的试验条件下,生物滞留设施对1年一遇雨水径流的热污染控制效果显著,在设施深度范围92.5~115.0 cm处土壤温度最低且最稳定;生物滞留设施服务面积一定时,随降雨历时的延长生物滞留设施对雨水径流热污染削减率呈现先增大后减小的趋势;降雨历时一定时,生物滞留设施对雨水径流的最佳热污染削减率随设施设计参数改变,其中生物滞留设施面积与其服务面积比是重要因素,该比值由1∶20增至1∶5,热污染削减率由23.19%增至38.02%,且出水温度较稳定;内部具有储水结构的生物滞留设施对热污染的控制效果较好。     

HAP/Ag3PO4纳米复合物的制备及其对水体有机污染物的降解

以固体废弃物牡蛎壳为原料,利用水热法制备出高纯度的纳米羟基磷灰石(HAP),负载磷酸银(Ag₃PO₄)制备出具有高效光催化性能的HAP/Ag₃PO₄纳米复合物。采用FT-IR、XPS、XRD和SEM对其晶型、化学结构和形貌进行了表征,证实Ag₃PO₄被成功负载在源于牡蛎壳的HAP上。在此基础上研究了HAP/Ag₃PO₄纳米复合物在水污染治理领域的应用,发现模拟日光照射4min、纳米复合物用量为1.5g/L、对初始质量浓度为20mg/L的罗丹明B溶液的降解率达到94.2%,表明制备的HAP/Ag₃PO₄纳米复合物是一种高效光催化剂,可以快速高效地降解水中的有机污染物。     

复合填料生物滞留设施对径流污染物去除效果

填料类型对生物滞留系统水质净化效果具有重要影响。通过生物滞留柱试验,以天然土壤、建筑砂为基本填料,以木屑堆肥、沸石和无烟煤为改良材料,研究了种植土砂土比例、种植土中添加木屑堆肥、砂滤层中单独及同时添加沸石和无烟煤等不同填料组合对径流中COD、TP、NH~+_4-N及NO~-_3-N的去除效果,并对传统砂土填料及复合填料生物滞留设施在不同进流特征下的水质处理效果进行了系统评价。结果表明:在6种填料组合中,种植土中添加木屑堆肥及砂滤层中同时添加无烟煤和沸石对各污染物的处理效果最好;在7种进流工况下,砂土填料生物滞留设施对COD、TP、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N的去除率分别为70.5%～87.5%、50.0%～79.3%、84.7%～96.7%、-110.5%～23.3%,复合填料生物滞留设施的去除率分别为84.0%～93.0%、82.0%～92.0%、80.0%～94.7%、24.3%～90.4%,复合填料生物滞留设施对污染物综合处理效果明显增强,且与传统砂土填料相比,复合填料生物滞留设施受进流特征的影响相对较小。     

改性生物炭的光谱表征及砷的吸附效果研究

为了研究棉花秸秆生物炭的基本性质及其对砷的吸附效果,采用FeCl₃·6H₂O改性棉花秸秆生物炭,通过XRD、FT-IR和SEM等技术表征其光谱性能,并探究其对砷的吸附效果。结果表明：采用FeCl₃·6H₂O改性棉花秸秆生物炭后,生物炭的pH值、比表面积以及C、N、H元素的含量和C/N的比值随Fe含量的提高显著降低,灰分和O元素的含量以及H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C的比值随Fe含量的提高显著增加,生物炭表层Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄的含量增加。生物炭改性后缩短了吸附砷的平衡时间,吸附率高达73.4%,远高于未改性生物炭的吸附率（44.7%）,吸附量高达7.63 mg/g,远高于未改性生物炭的吸附量（4.33 mg/g）,且随Fe含量的提高,吸附率和吸附量均显著增加。其作用机制主要是通过改性生物炭静电吸附能力、离子交换和Fe3+的还原作用降低水溶液中的As的含量,进而达到去除水溶液中As的目的。     

洪泽湖中低水位下泄流能力数值模拟

为研究淮河中下游发生中小洪水时洪泽湖的泄流能力,建立淮河蚌埠至洪泽湖出湖口三河闸段一二维耦合水动力模型,模拟分析了重点河段切滩对洪泽湖中低水位下泄流能力的影响及切滩前后的流域行洪过程。结果表明:在5年一遇洪水过程下,洪峰时刻淮河干流蚌埠、临淮关、香庙、浮山和洪山头等水文站水位较切滩前分别下降0.02m、0.07m、0.21m、0.55m和0.70m,漫滩时间分别减少1d、4d、9d、9d和17d;洪泽湖三河闸站水位最高值为13.33m,相比切滩之前升高 0.07m,湖泊对应的下泄流量为8300m³/s,较切滩前增大800m³/s,泄流能力提高11%。     

EM投加量与曝气量对净化养殖废水的影响

采用控制变量法,通过实验室模拟试验,测定不同EM投加量与曝气量组合条件下废水中COD_Mn、TN、 NH₃-N、TP的质量浓度随处理时间的变化特征,探索EM投加量与曝气量对养殖废水净化效果的影响。结果表明:EM的最佳投加量为0.5×10^-5(V_原液／V_废水), 去除TN效果最佳的曝气量为0.5L／min;EM对养殖废水的净化处理效果尽管受到诸多因素的影响,但最直接的影响因素是投加量与曝气量。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．