基于AFSA-RBF模型的混凝土平板坝变形监测

针对混凝土平板坝水平位移监测序列呈非线性变化的特点,采用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对混凝土平板坝水平位移监测序列进行分解,并采用计算最大信噪比的方法对信号进行去噪。面板坝的坝顶上下游方向水平位移主要受上下游水位和环境温度的影响,据此建立AFSA-RBF神经网络模型和RBF神经网络模型,对混凝土平板坝上下游方向水平位移进行预测,结果表明:AFSA-RBF模型能够很好地反映混凝土平板坝水平位移变化趋势和规律,预测结果有较高的精度,符合大坝安全监测的要求,可以在混凝土平板坝安全监测和评价中应用。     

石门拱坝坝顶水平位移观测资料分析

对混凝土坝来说，影响大坝变形的主要因素有水位、气温、坝体混凝土温度和时效等。本文对石门拱坝７号、９号、１１号坝段实测位移资料进行了分析，讨论了坝顶水平位移的变化规律以及水位和气温对坝顶水平位移的影响。     

石门拱坝坝顶水平位移观测资料分析

对混凝土坝来说，影响大坝变形的主要因素有水位、气温、坝体混凝土温度和时效等。本文对石门拱坝７号、９号、１１号坝段实测位移资料进行了分析，讨论了坝顶水平位移的变化规律以及水位和气温对坝顶水平位移的影响。     

混凝土重力坝水平位移的数学模型及其变化规律

结合黄坛口重力坝坝顶水平位移原型观测资料，对影响混凝土重力坝坝顶水平位移的主要因素作了分析，建立了水平位移的数学统计模型，为掌握大坝变形规律、评价大坝运行性态提供依据。     

基于混合模型的某碾压混凝土坝坝体、坝基弹模反演

以某碾压混凝土坝实测坝体、坝基水平位移为依据,运用有限单元法分别计算坝体和坝基水平位移,建立7~#坝段上下游向水平位移的混合模型,通过混合模型反演坝体和坝基的弹性模量。计算结果表明,实测值和拟合值接近,混合模型精度较高,可为类似工程提供参考。     

混凝土坝的位移确定性模型研究

本文介绍混凝土坝位移确定性模型建立的基本原理、方法和公式,即用有限元法计算大坝某些观测控制点在外荷载作用下的位移,由此值与实测值进行最小二乘法拟合,求得水压分量和温度分量的调整参数和时效分量,从而建立位移的确定性模型。并以佛子岭连拱坝(以下称佛坝)13号垛的坝顶水平位移为算例,介绍确定性模型建立的全过程。实践证明,确定性模型与实测值的拟合精度较高,后验预报可靠。     

混凝土坝垂直位移安全监测数据分析

为验证某混凝土坝蓄水期能否满足安全要求,结合某混凝土坝蓄水期的垂直位移观测资料,运用逐步回归分析法,构建了坝顶垂直位移统计模型,探讨了各分量对垂直位移的影响。结果表明,水准点监测系统状态良好,统计模型精度较高,混凝土坝垂直位移变化规律正常,符合一般混凝土坝变化规律。     

混凝土坝变形过程及监控指标研究

通过对某水利枢纽混凝土重力坝监测资料的分析,建立了混凝土坝位移监控模型。对典型坝段水平位移的监控指标进行了拟定,并运用K-S法对坝顶水平位移监测样本进行了检验。得出典型坝段向下游和上游方向水平位移的限定值,为判定大坝所处的状态提供了相关依据。对预防事故、杜绝安全隐患具有至关重要的作用。     

飞来峡大坝坝顶水平位移安全监控指标拟定

根据飞来峡混凝土坝原型监测资料,选取每年最不利工况时坝顶水平位移监测效应量为计算序列,应用大坝典型监测量的小概率法,对大坝典型坝段坝顶水平位移的安全监控指标进行了初步研究,得出了坝顶水平位移的安全监控指标值,并结合2010年的实测值,分析了大坝的运行状况。结果表明,该坝2010年的水位、气温等环境量均未超过2000—2009年最不利工况时的环境量,并且2010年典型坝段坝顶水平位移的实测值均小于安全监控指标。     

基于某混凝土拱坝的坝顶位移回归分析

通过对混凝土拱坝拱冠梁处垂线位移多年监测资料的分析模拟建立坝顶位移统计回归模型。采用逐步回归法,分析水压分量、温度分量、时效分量对坝顶位移的影响量。统计分析回归模型较好地反映了大坝的变形规律与变化趋势,该模型的建立,为今后大坝运行安全性态和预测大坝变形发展规律提供了有效分析手段和途径。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.