黏土矿物对泥石流体屈服应力影响的实验研究

一般情况下,泥石流体屈服应力随着泥沙颗粒体积浓度的增大而增大,同时随着黏粒黏性的增强而增强。在此研究基础上,以泥石流体屈服应力为研究目标,选取了蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石、高岭土等4种常见的黏土矿物为研究对象,通过改变泥石流体中泥沙颗粒体积浓度、黏土矿物成分及黏粒重量百分含量得出:1一般情况下,黏土成份对泥石流体屈服应力影响的强弱关系依次为蒙脱石伊利石绿泥石高岭土。2泥沙颗粒体积浓度和黏粒百分含量对泥石流体屈服应力的影响呈指数关系。3综合分析泥沙颗粒体积浓度、黏土矿物成份、黏粒百分含量与屈服应力的关系后获得了黏土矿物下屈服应力的关系式。4用野外调查资料验证了上述泥石流屈服应力与泥沙颗粒体积浓度、黏土矿物的关系,具有一定的准确性。     

水下移动射流冲蚀沙床的试验研究

为研究移动射流冲蚀效果和泥沙输移的影响因素,开展了不同射流喷嘴移动速度和沙床坡度条件下的二维平面移动射流冲蚀沙床试验研究。试验记录了不同射流工况下的泥沙输移过程及异重流的运动规律,分析了泥沙输移及异重流运动随射流喷嘴移动速度、沙床坡度的变化规律,讨论了异重流运动和泥沙淤积形态的物理机制。结果表明:水下移动射流冲蚀沙床能够形成异重流,可实现淤积泥沙的起动并输移一定距离。泥沙淤积轮廓剖面具有相似性,各工况平均输移距离近似相等,沿程累计泥沙相对输移量分布与泥沙粒径分布相似。泥沙相对输移量与射流喷嘴移动速度和沙床坡度呈正相关,但当沙床坡度大于10‰后,坡度影响不再显著。     

平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究

为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对水流动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙输移模式。模型数值计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合,分析了动床与定床水面及洪水传播速度的差异。在上述检验的基础上,采用动床模型对某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。     

平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究

为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形，建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程，考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对动量的影响；泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙对流扩散方程描述。模型数值计算格式采用有限体积法，单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算，扩散通量采用中心格式，不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验，水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合。在上述检验的基础上，分别采用动床及定床模型对浙江省某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟，结果表明动床下的溃坝洪水的传播速度快于定床，动床与定床的水位、流速差异很大，这说明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用，采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。     

水库淤积泥沙干容重分布规律及其计算方法的研究

泥沙干容重是反映泥沙重力特性的一个非常重要的物理指标，现有计算干容重的经验半经验公式存在着使用不便、适用范围窄等问题。本文通过对水库实测干容重资料的分析，阐明了水库泥沙干容重的分布规律，引入浑限空隙率的概念建立了初始干容重、稳定干容重及淤积过程干容重的计算公式，验证计算表明公式具有较高的精度和准确度。     

汇流部泥石流的特性和淤积过程的研究

本文通过理论分析和实验研究，探讨了支沟泥石流到达主流江流部后的特性，建立了汇流部泥石流龙头的运动轨迹方程式。根据泥石流在汇流部的淤积状况，将其特性大致分为如下3种类型：1）TYPE1.泥石流的泥沙全部停积在汇流部；2）TYPE2.支沟泥石流进入汇流部后，部分泥沙淤积在汇流,部而继续流向下游；3）TYPE3.支沟泥石流的汇流部不发生淤积而汇流部流向下游。在探讨泥石流堆积扇的最终堆积坡度和汇流部泥石流浓度计算方法的基础上，给出了上述分类的条件及支沟泥石流堆积扇堵塞主流河道形成天然坝的条件；并提出了计算TYPE1的泥石流堆积扇形状的数学模型。     

影响含沙水流极限浓度的因素

根据黄河泥沙粘度测验资料，分析了各因素特别是泥沙比表面积、非均匀系数对极限浓度的影响，并建立了极限浓度与二者间的经验关系，用广泛的黄河泥沙资料进行验证的结果肯定了所获公式的精度及实用性。     

阵性泥石流的平均流速与加速效应

本文讨论了泥石流的定义和分类 ,分析了不同形式泥石流运动方程的结构特点 ,认为泥石流平均流速公式与曼宁公式结构相似。考虑了粗颗粒平均粒径、泥石流龙头泥位、体积比浓度、不稳定层厚度、泥面相对比降等因素对平均流速的影响 ,并用蒋家沟实测资料和实验室资料进行了验证。最后通过初步实验说明两阵泥石流迭加过程中出现超载孔隙水压力 ,孔隙水压力突然增加 ,且不能及时消散 ,减小了泥石流龙头的阻力 ,出现泥浆飞溅的加速运动。从而可以解释在缓坡 ( 5°～ 1 0°)上泥石流流速能够达到每秒十几米的成因。     

床沙质与冲泻质划分方法综述

对床沙质和冲泻质的划分方法进行综述,将前人方法分为三类:经验法、半经验半理论法及理论法。经验法以泥沙粒径为指标,又分为固定粒径法(如0.06mm和0.0625mm等)和级配曲线法(如D5和拐点法等)。半经验半理论法考虑了泥沙和水流属性,以悬浮指标法为代表。理论法包括有效悬浮功法和含沙浓度判别法,其中后者认为冲泻质存在饱和含沙浓度。经验法最为简便,应用最广;悬浮指标和有效悬浮功法由于考虑水流条件,结果相对符合实际;含沙浓度判别法虽然考虑因素最多,但限于公式复杂,目前应用较少。关于床沙质与冲泻质的分界粒径,还应进一步研究水流紊动和泥沙非均匀性等因素。     

沙波迎流面泥沙起动流速研究

利用概化沙波模型,研究了不同坡度、粒径及位置情况下的泥沙起动流速,根据实测数据指出沙波泥沙起动流速特征,并分析比较了与平坡起动的差别。通过对泥沙颗粒的受力分析,提出水流冲击力,并利用沙波垂线流速分布公式进行流速换算,建立了沙波泥沙起动流速计算公式。结果表明:在相同水流条件下,因沙波地形影响,迎流面泥沙起动流速值小于平坡;沙波不同位置处的泥沙起动流速非定值,随着水平位置而变化;坡度和粒径对再附点附近泥沙起动流速影响较小。通过验证比较表明,公式计算结果与实测资料基本一致,适用于描述沙波迎流面泥沙起动规律,可反映出沙波坡度和水平位置的影响。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.