AN UNSTRUCTURED FINITE-VOLUME ALGORITHM FOR NONLINEAR TWO-DIMENSIOAL SHALLOW WATER EQUATION

An unstructured finite-volume numerical algorithm was presented for solution of the two-dimensional shallow water equations, based on triangular or arbitrary quadrilateral meshes. The Roe type approximate Riemann solver was used to the system. A second-order TVD scheme with the van Leer limiter was used in the space discretization and a two-step Runge-Kutta approach was used in the time discretization. An upwind, as opposed to a pointwise, treatment of the slope source terms was adopted and the semi-implicit treatment was used for the friction source terms. Verification for two-dimension dam-break problems are carried out by comparing the present results with others and very good agreement is shown.     

河道贴体平面正交曲线网格自动生成技术研究

河道流体数值计算中,为了克服天然河道边界复杂、长宽尺度相差悬殊等困难,基于有势流的等势线和流线的正交机理,利用POSSION方程转换,自动生成了贴合河道边界的正交曲线网格,从而使复杂的河道计算域转变成规则的矩形域,为河流数学模型的数值离散及求解提供了极大的方便。     

Numerical solution of the Saint-Venant equations by an efficient hybrid finite-volume/finite-difference method

A computationally efficient hybrid finite-volume/finite-difference method is proposed for the numerical solution of SaintVenant equations in one-dimensional open channel flows. The method adopts a mass-conservative finite volume discretization for the continuity equation and a semi-implicit finite difference discretization for the dynamic-wave momentum equation. The spatial discretization of the convective flux term in the momentum equation employs an upwind scheme and the water-surface gradient term is discretized using three different schemes. The performance of the numerical method is investigated in terms of efficiency and accuracy using various examples, including steady flow over a bump, dam-break flow over wet and dry downstream channels, wetting and drying in a parabolic bowl, and dam-break floods in laboratory physical models. Numerical solutions from the hybrid method are compared with solutions from a finite volume method along with analytic solutions or experimental measurements. Comparisons demonstrates that the hybrid method is efficient, accurate, and robust in modeling various flow scenarios, including subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical flows. In this method, the QUICK scheme for the surface slope discretization is more accurate and less diffusive than the center difference and the weighted average schemes.     

The effect of a local mesh refinement on hydraulic modelling of river meanders

Large-scale river models are generally discretized by relatively large mesh cells resulting in bathymetry discretization errors and numerical effects. These hydraulic models are generally calibrated by altering the bed roughness to compensate for these errors and effects. Consequently, the calibrated roughness values are mesh-dependent while generally local mesh refinements are executed after model calibration to study the effects of river interventions. This study shows both the errors caused by bathymetry discretization and numerical effects for locally refined meshes. First, schematised river meanders with a flat bed in the transverse flow direction are analysed to isolate the induced numerical effects by the mesh. Afterwards, a case study is considered to verify if similar mesh influences are found in natural river meanders. Curvilinear, triangular and hybrid (combination of curvilinear and triangular cells) meshes are used with different resolutions. The analysis shows that in the schematised river meanders lower depth-averaged flow velocities and larger water depths are simulated with coarser meshes. In the case study, substantial differences in hydrodynamics between the meshes are obtained suggesting that the bathymetry discretization is more influential than the numerical effects. Finally, it was found that triangular meshes, and rivers with narrow meander bends, are most sensitive to mesh resolution. Especially in these cases, it is desirable to refine the mesh at the desired locations before model calibration.     

FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR SIMULATION OF VISCOELASTIC FLOW THROUGH A EXPANSION CHANNEL

A finite volume method for the numerical solution of viscoelastic flows is given. The flow of a differential Upper-Convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid through an abrupt expansion has been chosen as a prototype example. The conservation and constitutive equations are solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM) in a staggered grid with an upwind scheme for the viscoelastic stresses and a hybrid scheme for the velocities. An enhanced-in-speed pressure-correction algorithm is used and a method for handling the source term in the momentum equations is employed. Improved accuracy is achieved by a special discretization of the boundary conditions. Stable solutions are obtained for higher Weissenberg number (We), further extending the range of simulations with the FVM. Numerical results show the viscoelasticity of polymer solutions is the main factor influencing the sweep efficiency.     

山区城市河流综合治理模式及案例探讨

山区城市河流面临洪水急涨急落、水量丰枯变化明显和亲水空间有限等问题,已成为城市河流治理中普遍面对的难点。本文提出山区城市河流近自然综合治理的可行模式。按照安全、自然、亲水和文明的理念,从水安全、水资源、水环境、水生态、水景观和水文化等方面实施综合治理。强化洪水风险和应急管理能力,维持河道自然形态和枯水期基流量,加强点源和面源污染的拦截净化,保护河道生态多样性,塑造自然型水流和亲水景观,保留河道深潭浅滩结构,河道子槽以蜿蜒型水流和跌水为主,利用滩地为市民提供安全、舒适的滨水空间,保护少数民族水文化和历史文化。以云南楚雄龙川江和重庆酉阳龙潭河为案例,分别探讨了现有城市拓展地区和新建城区的河流治理方案,对我国类似流域城市河流治理具有参考意义。     

AUTOMATIC DELINEATION OF FUNCTIONAL RIVER REACH BOUNDARIES FOR RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

The river reach is a pervasive term within contemporary river research and applications. Yet, despite its prevalence, there is a notable lack of consistency in its definition. This paper identifies the presence of two broad types of reach definition within the academic literature, operational and functional, and argues that a functional definition is more suitable for applications within river research and management. A range of sequence zonation algorithms that were originally derived for geological well‐log analysis were compared for their ability to automatically identify functional reach boundaries. An analysis of variance‐based global boundary hunting algorithm was identified as the most suitable. To demonstrate the potential practical applications of automatic reach delineation methods, two case studies where functional reach boundaries have been identified were described: first, in a sequence of predicted sediment transport capacities for use in a reach‐based sediment transport model; and second, in a sequence of RHS Habitat Quality Assessment scores for identification of lengths of channel in need of habitat restoration efforts. Finally, the paper discusses how this type of functional reach identification procedure might be applied in other areas of river research and applications and how a multivariate version of a statistical zonation algorithm might prove useful in facilitating integrated catchment management by identifying reach boundaries common across all variables of interest in the system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A CONSERVATIVE COUPLED FLOW/TRANSPORT MODEL WITH ZERO MASS ERROR

A fully conservative form applied to a coupled system of two-dimensional water flow and solute motion is presented. A cell-centred finite volume method based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver with unstructured grids is formulated. The bed slope source terms are discretized following an upwind approach and a semi-implicit treatment is used for the friction source terms. The centered discretization of the diffusion terms is in an implicit way. It is shown that this numerical technique reproduces almost exactly the steady state of still water and enables to achieve zero numerical errors in unsteady flow over configurations with strong variations on bed slope. The model ensures a global conservation and positive values of both water level and solute concentration. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the model in solute transport over real complex geometries.     

长江源区河流地貌及水沙特性

长江源区河网密布,多数河流仍处于自然演变过程中,河谷地貌保存完整。基于实地踏勘资料,结合 SRTM3 DEM 对长江源区部分河流河谷地貌及水沙特性进行了分析。研究河流涵盖长江北源楚玛尔河、正源沱沱河、南源当曲、干流通天河及支流布曲、尕尔曲。根据河谷形态及河流地貌,可将这些河段归纳为3类:高原冲积型、丘陵坦谷型和高山峡谷型。其中:高原冲积型河道平面多呈游荡或多股分汊;丘陵坦谷型河道平面呈单一或分汊态势;高山峡谷型河道则为单一河道。研究时段内,长江源3个源头中,当曲流量最大,沱沱河流量大于楚玛尔河;输沙量则表现为沱沱河最大、楚玛尔河其次,当曲最小。泥沙分析发现:平面呈游荡状态的河流,其泥沙特征与其他河型有明显不同,具有悬移质含沙量大、粒径粗且均匀,床沙粒径较细的特点。相关分析显示河道宽度与水流含沙量呈正相关关系,初步说明了游荡河型产生的原因。     

二维溃坝波遇障碍物的水流泥沙数值模拟

本文通过对浅水方程进行Godunov差分离散和对泥沙运动方程进行一阶迎风差分离散，建立了平面l二维溃坝水流泥沙数值模型。在算例中计算了溃坝波遇障碍物后的水流反射、绕射及泥沙冲淤，计算结果表明，溃坝波遇障碍物后会产生明显的反射和绕射，并在障碍物前形成壅水、障碍物的侧面会发生剧烈的冲刷，障碍物前后则会发生局部淤积。本模型能够较好地模拟溃坝间断水流的运动，结果符合水流泥沙运动的基本规律。     

黄河河源区水资源变化分析

黄河唐乃亥以上黄河河源区是黄河上游主要产水区．近几年来，由于自然因素和人为因素的影响，黄河河源区水资源发生了较大的变化，河川径流减少，源头区出现前所未有的断流现象，使该地区草原退化、植被破坏，生态环境问题日益突出，文中分析了黄河河源区水资源特性的变化和引起变化的各种影响因素，并分析了水资源变化对上游生态环境所产生的影响．     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON EMERGENCY TUNNEL FIRES WITH TRANSVERSE VENTILATION

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CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW REGIMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT IN REGULATED RIVERS: THE HUAI RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Flow regime characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, seasonal timing and rates of change) play a primary role in regulating the biodiversity and ecological processes in rivers. River classification provides the foundation for comparing the hydrologic regimes of rivers and development of hydro‐ecological relationships to inform environmental flow management and river restoration. This paper presents a classification of natural flow regimes and hydrologic changes due to dams and floodgates in the Huai River Basin, China, in preparation for an environmental flow assessment. The monthly natural flow regime of 45 stations in the upper and middle Huai River Basin were simulated for the period 1963–2000, based on the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Six classes of flow patterns (low or high discharge, stable or variable, perennial or intermittent, predictable or unpredictable) were identified based on 80 hydrologic metrics, analysed by hierarchical clustering algorithms. The ecologically relevant climatic and geographic characteristics of these flow classes were tested for concordance with, and to strengthen, the hydro‐ecological classification. The regulation of natural flow patterns by dams and floodgates changed flows at some locations within each flow class and caused some gauges to shift into another class. The research reported here is expected to provide a foundation for development of hydro‐ecological relationships and environmental flow methods for wider use in China, as well as setting a new scientific direction for integrated river basin management in the Huai River Basin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于最小二乘的N-S方程算子分裂有限元法

提出一种新的求解N S方程的有限元法,即基于最小二乘的N S方程算子分裂有限元法。该算法采用算子分裂法将N S方程分解成扩散项和对流项:扩散项时间离散采用向后差分格式,空间离散采用标准Galerkin有限元法;对流项时间离散采用向后差分格式,空间离散采用最小二乘有限元法。应用该算法对方腔流和后台阶流进行数值模拟,方腔流数值计算结果与标准解吻合很好;在后台阶流数值模拟中给出了不同雷诺数下的流场特征和速度对比曲线,所得计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明基于最小二乘的N S方程算子分裂有限元法具有较好的收敛性和较高的精度。     

水沙河口衔接数学模型的研究及其应用

在河口水流、泥沙数值计算时提出一、二维衔接的数学模型.根据一、二维水流连续方程、运动方程、悬沙扩散方程、两相流底沙运动方程、床面演变方程,对一维河道采用河网三级联解法、迎风差分格式,对二维海区采用有限元加权集中质量法、三角差分格式,建立水沙河口衔接数学模型.将此模型应用于天津泰达永定新河河口工程的研究上,经实测水沙资料验证,计算值与实测值基本吻合.为河口改造时引起的河道与海区的水流及泥沙稳定性问题提供了可行的研究方法.     

The Impact of Low Flow on Riverine Food Webs in South‐Central Newfoundland

Low‐flow events can reduce food availability and decrease the feeding niche of consumers within rivers. Stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope and stomach content analyses were employed to evaluate resource use and overlap between fish species in a natural and regulated river in normal and low‐flow years, with the use of multiple methodological approaches providing the best means of understanding short‐term and long‐term observations on fish feeding and resource overlap under changing flow conditions. Diet analyses generally indicated significant inter‐specific differences in the diets of key fish species within rivers and similarities in resource use between rivers. In comparison with fish from the natural river, fish from the regulated river had lower and less inter‐annually variable δ¹³C values. In the natural river, there was a significant reduction and increase, respectively, in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N variation in the low‐flow year. Intra‐annual or inter‐annual differences in trophic niche area were not apparent in the regulated river, whereas within the natural river, intra‐annual and inter‐annual differences in trophic niche were found. Resource overlap between key fish species was also higher in the low‐flow year and lower in the spring and higher in the summer as a result of differences in flow. Resource overlap was also higher between rivers in the low‐flow year. High resource overlap between rivers during decreased summer flow indicates a strong effect of flow on river organisms, where both fish and their invertebrate prey resources are concerned. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

求解二维浅水流动方程的Godunov格式

采用网格变换和Strang算子分裂,以准确Riemann解为基础。建立了求解非平底浅水流动方程的Godunov格式,用“水位方程法（Water Level Formulation)”求Riemann解,结合中心差分和Riemann解离散底坡项,保证了计算格式的和谐性,经验证,方法健全。通用,且分辨率高。     

THRESHOLD FLOWS FOR THE BREAKDOWN OF SEASONALLY PERSISTENT THERMAL STRATIFICATION: SHOALHAVEN RIVER BELOW TALLOWA DAM,NEW SOUTH WALES,AUSTRALIA

Reduced mixing of deep pools attributable to river regulation and downstream flow suppression can lead to an increase in the magnitude, frequency and duration of thermal stratification in riverine pools over summer. This study monitored hourly temperature profiles with five thermistor loggers in a 15 m deep natural pool over 12 months from May 2005. Detailed bathymetric and topographic survey data and HEC‐RAS hydraulic modelling of layer Richardson numbers were used to extend thermistor observations of flow‐related stratification breakdown in this single deep pool to a 20 km long pool‐riffle dominated river reach below the dam. Reach‐wide breakdown of persistent thermal stratification in deep pools over spring and summer was likely to be achieved by a flow rate of 3000 ML day^?1. This flow rate approximates the long‐term mean annual natural flow (2860 ML day^?1) and the 16th flow duration percentile (mean daily flows equalled or exceeded for 16% of time), indicating that thermal stratification of the deepest pools in the Shoalhaven River is a common, natural phenomenon not solely attributable to river regulation. Should reasonably consistent hydraulic geometry relationships exist between low salinity rivers in similar climatic, hydrologic and geomorphic settings, then we suggest that the mean annual natural flow is likely to achieve widespread breakdown of thermal stratification across lengthy reaches of similar pool‐riffle sequence rivers elsewhere. Hourly mean wind speeds of up to 65 km h^?1 recorded at an automated weather station 25 km from the study site were found to suppress of the degree of thermal stratification in the study pool but did not achieve deep mixing of persistent seasonal thermoclines. Large, rapid and sustained air temperature decreases associated with the passage of cold fronts across southeastern Australia in summer were found to be more effective than wind and achieved mixing to depths of at least 4.2 m. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

以三江源为例探讨江河源头确定原则

江河源头的确定历来存在争议。根据现代几次重要的科学考察成果,分析了长江、黄河和澜沧江源头争议的原因,参照国际著名大河河源确定方法,探索江河源头确定原则和方法。分析结果表明:河流长度、走向、流量、流域面积和河势是确定河源的自然因素,目前争议的焦点是谁为主要因素。建议河流长度和走向为确定河源的主要因素,流量和河势作为次一级因素,而约定俗成等文化因素对于江河源头确定也有重要影响。     

考虑环流横向输沙及河岸变形的平面二维扩展数学模型

本文考虑弯道环流输沙效应，在泥沙运动基本方程中增加了反映环流横向输沙附加项，对平面二维水沙数学模型的悬移质、推移质输沙方程和河床变形过程进行了扩展。借助土力学中关于边坡稳定性理论中的圆弧滑动法，并引入多杈树搜索方法，建立了适用于平面二维数学模型的河岸崩塌变形计算方法。经扩展后的平面二维水沙数学模型能模拟环流横向输沙及由其引起的河床冲淤和河岸变形，并应用该模型模拟了弯道发生、发展过程，计算结果与已有的认识是一致的。