Food and water scenarios for the Karkheh River Basin,Iran

Increasing population and income and a wheat self-sufficiency policy are already stressing Iran's strategic Karkeh River Basin. Examining three scenarios to the year 2025, the authors of this study find: (1) business as usual leads to an aggravation of groundwater overdraft and may jeopardize the ecosystem services provided by the Hawr Al Azim marsh area; (2) giving priority to environmental flow requirements and restoring groundwater tables leads to a shortfall in wheat production; but (3) reducing agricultural water demand could maintain a certain level of food production. Appropriate policy could minimize the tradeoffs between food self-sufficiency, sustainable water use and farmers' income.     

干旱缺水区民勤县水资源持续高效利用措施研究

采用调查研究和统计分析方法,对民勤县石羊河流域重点治理工程及其效益得以显现的关键技术管理措施和效果进行调查研究。结果表明,指标层层细化、"三水"联合调度、轮次定额配水、推行差别水价政策、推广节水技术、调整农业种植结构、落实责任等措施,是实现水资源严格管理和高效利用的有效措施;责任制度落实、层层监督检查是水资源精细化管理的有效行政推动措施;乡(镇)水资源管理办公室是水源配置方案有效落实的重要组织保障措施;采用计量监控、监测设施设备是水资源管理的有效管控手段;依据水权和农产品动态趋势,适时调整农业种植结构,逐步形成以水定布局、节水高效的动态种植结构模式,是巩固水资源管理成果、推动水资源持续利用效益再上台阶的有效途径;以滴灌为主的高新高效技术推广和设施农牧业的高效发展是干旱缺水区缓减水资源供需矛盾、持续高效利用有限水资源和巩固流域生态修复成果、促进生态环境趋于良性循环的战略措施。     

Water demand versus supply in Saudi Arabia: current and future challenges

Saudi Arabia is facing a chronic water-shortage problem. Demand far exceeds the sustainable yield of both conventional and non-conventional water resources. The resulting demand–supply gap is being bridged through groundwater depletion. In this paper, demand–supply gaps for the coming 20 years are projected under three scenarios: optimistic, moderate and pessimistic. Future sustainable water yields are calculated and allocated to projected water demand in the domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. The study shows that Saudi Arabia will not be able to bridge the demand–supply gap in the near future. Intensive water demand management measures are needed in all sectors to minimize future demand–supply gaps, especially focused on the largest water consumer: the agricultural sector.     

基于用水安全的地下水资源可持续利用研究——以延边州为例

在以用水安全、经济、资源、环境协调发展为主导思想、以用水安全为前提的基础上,对延边州地下水水质及社会经济条件进行了具体分析,根据分析结果建立了基于用水安全的延边州地下水资源可持续利用体系。在构建延边州地下水资源可持续利用体系的过程中,考虑到了用水安全系统、地下水资源系统、社会经济系统、环境系统之间的关系,共包含了有23个指标。将该体系用于对延边州地下水资源的可持续利用状况进行了分析评价。评价结果表明:延边州的地下水资源可持续利用指标为1.97,可持续利用发展态势为危险;延边州的地下水资源量为26.13亿m~3,但有8 449 km~2的地下水资源量由于用水水质不安全无法可持续利用。针对评价结果,提出了5项地下水资源可持续利用的对策及建议,即应实施分质供水、集中供水、集中进行水处理、加大对污水的处理力度以及控制化肥的使用量等措施。     

区域农业生产系统用水正负效益分析及能值评估

从生态经济学的角度,运用能值分析方法,在分析区域农业生产系统各种生态流投入产出的基础上,探讨了农业生产用水的正负效益,进而以"能值"作为统一的度量尺度,完善了农业生产用水正负效益的计算方法。以郑州市为例,计算了该市2011年农业生产系统用水的正负效益,其中正效益为1.62×10~(21)J,负效益为6.82×10~(20)J,负效益约为正效益的42.10%,表明郑州市农业生产用水存在负面问题较为严重。认为提高水资源及伴随的可更新资源的利用效率,尽量减少不可更新资源的不合理投入和利用,避免因环境污染和地下水超采引发的危害,是减小农业生产用水负效益的关键。     

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Water Management Policies in Bangladesh

Water resources development and management policies initiatives in Bangladesh are primarily driven by the need for sufficient food grain production for the country's teeming population and curtailing the perennial flooding problems. It is therefore necessary to investigate whether or not these objectives are being met. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impacts of past water resources development and management strategies on agriculture, food security, flood management and socio-economic development in Bangladesh. The research is based on the historical data of the relevant parameters of the water resources management over the period 1947–2005. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that past policies and strategies of water development have resulted in significant irrigation expansion, especially through intensified groundwater utilization, which has helped to achieve the country's primary objective of self-sufficiency in food production. However, the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities still remains a challenge in the country. Similarly, the impact of the flood control policies was diverse with success mostly apparent with regard to protection against modest events, while catastrophic, extreme events still effectively defying answer.     

Exporting water from the desert? An analysis of the virtual water content of Saudi Arabian agricultural exports

This study applies input-output analysis to evaluate and trace Saudi Arabia’s virtual water exports arising from exports of agricultural products. Saudi Arabia’s total virtual exports in 2011 were around 2.42 km³, mainly to neighbouring Arab countries. This amount is enough to meet the water demand of the country’s entire population. Agricultural exports seem economically beneficial only because they rely on groundwater; however, since the indirect cost of desalinating equivalent amounts of water for domestic purposes is much higher, a better strategy would have been to direct those water resources towards domestic needs.     

淄博市水资源开发利用研究

为实现淄博市水资源的可持续利用,分析了该市水资源特点和供用水现状,指出水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题是地下水超采、水污染严重、地表水利用率低、农业用水量大且浪费严重等。建议采取以下措施:减少地下水超采量,加强水污染监控与治理,建立节水型社会,优化调控水资源,合理调整水价,明晰水权,建立水市场。     

Towards a water–energy–food nexus policy: realizing the blue and green virtual water of agriculture in Jordan

Virtual water is an important addendum to how we view a country's water resources. This study examines the virtual water embedded in Jordan's agricultural produce and its impact on future water–energy–food policies. Blue and green virtual waters are calculated from data on rainfall, crop patterns, yields, and water requirements at the district level. Results highlight the advantages of blue water usage in the Jordan Valley and of harnessing more available green water in the Highlands, with both displaying low energy impact. Results also emphasize the high groundwater usage and energy footprint in the Desert regions, signalling a need to rein in groundwater extraction and take advantage of solar power.     

基于鄯善县绿洲生存的水资源优化配置研究

本文以鄯善县为研究区域,以2010年水平年的数据为依据,对研究区进行了水资源利用情况分析和水均衡计算,评价不同程度退耕方案下规划水平年2020年地下水可开采量,计算出不同区域不同方案下的地下水超采量。结果表明:尽管大幅度地采取退耕还水措施(高方案),鄯善县的水资源也不能满足其社会经济发展的用水需要,南盆地地下水仍有超采。为尽快治理南盆地地下水超采现状,最重要的是要实行鄯善县产业发展模式转型,或跨流域调水,以实现鄯善县地下水水资源的可持续利用。     

提高灌溉水利用系数，保障国家粮食安全与水安全

针对我国粮食生产面临的巨大挑战以及日益尖锐的农业用水供需矛盾,分析我国灌溉水利用现状,提出提高灌溉水利用系数的工程、技术和管理措施,旨在为我国缓解水资源供需矛盾,保障国家粮食安全,实现水资源的可持续利用提供借鉴。     

石羊河流域水资源管理与生态修复成效、问题与对策措施研究

结合石羊河流域干旱缺水,地下水资源严重超采,生态环境严重恶化的实际,分析了水资源管理与生态修复的初步成效与存在问题,提出了严格总量控制和定额管理、强化过程控制和精细管理、深化水价改革、建立水权交易长效机制、加快末级渠系配套建设、优化农业结构和推行区域化种植六项对策措施,以实现农民增收、经济发展、生态修复及水资源可持续利用的目标。     

关中地区水资源可持续开发利用对策

分析了关中地区水资源开发利用现状,指出关中地区水资源开发利用中存在用水效率低,地下水超采严重,水污染加剧,供水工程老化失修,供水设施不足等问题,从保证国民经济和社会可持续发展以及水资源可持续利用角度,提出了大力推广节水技术,提高水资源的有效利用率;实行水库(群)联网调度;限量开采地下水,注重地下水源的涵养与保护;加强水污染防治,实行污水资源化;实施省内"南水北调工程"等对策建议.     

基于供水限额的喀什噶尔河流域水资源合理配置

水资源的合理配置对喀什噶尔河流域未来社会经济发展有着非常重要意义。本文以喀什噶尔河流域水资源及开发利用现状为基础,针对喀什噶尔河流域用水总量实行限额供水的问题,分析了流域地表水-地下水资源的配置方案;有力地促进了水资源的可持续利用,对水资源严格管理的实现起到了促进作用。     

我国半干旱地区农业用水现状及发展方向

通过对国外旱地农业成功经验和我国半干旱地区农业发展的历史阶段性回顾与现状分析，认为我国半干旱地区农业的可持续发展战略应该以实现资源的高效利用、提高作物生产力为目标，在协调、优化和永续利用农业资源和改善生态环境的基础上，重点实施以水土资源高效利用和基因资源的潜力开发为中心的旱地农业科学技术体系，服务于半干旱地区社会经济、食物、资源、环境的可持续发展。针对我国半干旱地区农业的特点，提出了培育节水品种、实施有限灌溉、推广生物节水和抗旱化学调控等若干技术选择。     

北京水生态文明建设评估与预测

为保障北京供水安全、水资源可持续利用与北京生态文明建设,需进行北京水生态文明建设评估与预测。根据北京实际水资源开发状况,结合北京特色文化,通过专家咨询法,建立适用于北京市的水生态文明建设评价指标体系。对北京市的水生态文明建设水平进行了评价,并分析了其时间动态趋势。结果表明,2007-2008年间北京市水生态文明建设水平呈稳步上升的趋势,到2008年为水生态文明建设阶段。而在2009-2010年,北京市水生态文明建设水平较2008年都有所反弹下降,这主要由于水管理等指标的下降导致。通过北京水生态文明建设评估与预测,为北京市水生态文明建设领域的政策制定提供决策依据。     

市场经济条件下农业水资源高效利用模型研究

本文提出了市场经济条件下农业水资源高效利用模型。这个模型可根据不同的水资源利用模式和区域经济发展模式,基于区域水资源开发利用状况和水土资源组合条件,合理组织农业生产的诸要素,通过市场经济中的价值杠杆,对灌区的各种土地利用规模、种植结构和灌溉制度等进行合理配置,使得该研究区内的农业水资源利用在3个方面得到了较好的改进:(1)在实现农业水资源高效利用过程中,充分考虑了农民收入水平的提高;(2)研究了水价变化对农业生产、农民收人和对井渠双灌的促进作用;(3)探讨了水价与各种节水措施之间的关系,以及不同水价条件下各种节水措施规模、节水量和投资效益的定量描述。     

Groundwater Management for Sustainable Development of Urban and Rural Areas in Extremely Arid Regions: A Case Study

In Saudi Arabia, the recharge to local and regional aquifers is mostly indirect, very limited and insignificant, especially with low annual precipitation. Most of the stored groundwater in local and regional aquifers is non-renewable fossil water. With rapid socio-economic developments and increasing population coupled with agricultural and industrial growth in the Kingdom, especially after the large increase in oil revenues after 1974, the water demands have increased drastically. By understanding the aquifer features, the country followed a planned approach based on controlling aquifer development and demand management to use its groundwater resources. The socio-economic developments in rural areas have been very pronounced. Corrective demand management measures including reduction in cultivated areas and modification in agricultural support policies in addition to the augmentation of water supplies by the reuse of treated wastewater have reduced the stress on groundwater. The establishment of a special Ministry for water and the adoption of a national water planning approach and the use of an integrated water resources management tool are expected to contribute effectively to the achievement of sustainable groundwater resources and the national interest of the country.     

基于氧同位素(δ18O)的塔里木河下游河水向地下水的转化研究

中国西北属于干旱区,区域内发育有很多内陆河。在内陆河流域,地表水与地下水之间的转化十分明显。为探索干旱区地表水对地下水的转化特征,以便为有效开发利用水资源和预测地下水环境变化提供理论依据,本研究以塔里木河下游为研究区,对不同河段的河水与地下水进行了取样,并利用同位素技术研究了地表水对地下水的转化比率。结果表明:在塔里木河下游地区,河水向地下水的转化明显,阿拉干断面河水向地下水转化率最高;总体而言,沿河道向下游,河水向地下水的补给量呈减少趋势;本文运用质量守恒原理,并通过定量分析,得出塔里木河下游河水向地下水的平均转化率为43.36%,这对于合理利用区域内的水资源、正确评价生态输水效益具有重要意义。     

世界供水安全现状及其主要经验对我国供水安全保障的启示

根据世界各地水资源本底条件、20世纪世界供水发展规律、各类用水需求满足度,分析世界供水安全现状。从美国转向需水管理遏制供水无限制增长、新加坡多渠道开源努力提高供水自给比例、以色列建设高效用水体系和置换虚拟水并举、日本设计应急供水体系抵御地震后次生灾害等案例,总结出4条经验：①需水管理是保障水资源支撑可持续发展的根本途径;②多元组合供水是增强水资源系统稳定性的有效方式;③提升供水效率与效益是破除水资源约束的重要手段;④建设应急供水体系是减小极端突发灾害损失的有力措施。这些经验可为我国供水安全保障提供启示。