排架渡槽流固耦合风振动力响应分析

以排架渡槽为研究对象,通过自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型模拟脉动风,针对不同水深研究渡槽的动力特性,并采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法对比分析了矩形渡槽和U形渡槽流固耦合体的风振动力响应.结果表明:对于等流量工况,U形渡槽较矩形渡槽基频低;在风荷载作用下,U形渡槽槽壁上的动水压力比矩形渡槽大,但U形渡槽的横向位移响应和倾覆力矩比矩形渡槽小.     

基于ALE方法的渡槽流固耦合数值模拟

地震作用下渡槽动力响应研究是渡槽抗震设计的关键环节。基于ALE理论,选用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA,研究了地震作用下水体晃动产生的动水压力对渡槽槽身位移和应力的影响。结果表明:槽体结构的横向位移及应力随渡槽槽内水深的增加而增大;在横向地震波的激励下,槽身上部横向位移大于下部;在水体的晃动效应下,槽身底部应力较大。     

考虑水体作用的渡槽动力响应计算方法比较

在计算渡槽动力时程响应时,槽内水体的作用是不可以忽视的。采用附加质量法、Housner弹簧模型、流固耦合有限元法对简易有水渡槽模型进行了动力响应计算和分析,给出了不同方法计算结果上的差异,供计算设计者参考。     

基于有限条法的流固耦合渡槽结构动力分析

采用附加质量法对考虑动水作用的渡槽动力特性进行了分析,通过算例表明,随着渡槽槽内水位的升高,渡槽结构整体质量增大,渡槽的横向、竖向、纵向各阶自振频率依次显著减小,同时可以看出槽内水位的变化对支架的自振频率影响很小.在渡槽结构的抗震理论计算与设计中,水体对渡槽结构的动水作用不可忽视.     

槽内水深对渡槽-水体耦合结构抗震性能的影响

采用有限元数值计算方法,研究槽内水深的变化对渡槽-水体耦合结构抗震性能的影响。数值结果表明,水体的存在使得渡槽结构的振动频率降低,在地震作用下,U形渡槽中水体的晃动幅度十分显著,从而改变了槽身地震反应性态。槽内水体对渡槽结构的影响程度与输入地震波的谱特性有很大关系,当输入地震波的主频范围覆盖渡槽结构基频,且槽内水体的振动频率与渡槽结构基频相近时,槽内水体对渡槽结构可以起到类似调谐液体阻压器(TLD)的减震效应,并对槽内水体减震效应的条件进行了判别。     

考虑流固耦合的大型渡槽动力特性计算

为计算大型渡槽考虑流固耦合的动力特性，以Housner理论为基础，建立了考虑流固耦合的大型渡槽薄壁梁段单元的动力分析模型，利用此模型编写计算机程序，计算了南水北调中线工程某大型渡槽结构在多种工况下的自振频率和振型，计算结果表明，渡槽槽内水体与槽身的动力耦合对渡槽结构的自振频率和振型影响显著，在对大型渡槽结构进行动力特性计算时，采用考虑相应水位的流固耦合模型比较符合渡槽结构的实际情况。     

Housner模型在渡槽抗震计算中的适用性

重点研究了Housner水体简化模型在渡槽抗震领域的适用性，分别采用Housner水体简化模型和作者建立的流体固体动力耦合水体统一模型进行了实际渡槽的地震反应分析，数值分析结果表明，Housner模型与后者相比，特别是柔性墩体结构反应结果偏小，差异比较明显。     

排架-渡槽-水三维耦合体系地震响应分析

本文应用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法，针对不同的水位、不同支撑高度，研究渡槽结构在EL CennD地震波激励下的振动反应。研究表明，矩形渡槽中水体的晃动幅度十分显著，水体晃动呈多波振荡；排架高度越大，水体的晃动幅度越大，水体晃动反应越滞后于地震输入，个激励引起的动水压力对渡槽槽身应力的影响不可忽视；三维排架-渡槽-水耦合体的自振特性、排架高度、外激励等是影响渡槽中水体振荡反应和耦合体动力性能的重要参数，二维渡槽模型刚化了渡槽结构，不能真实反映三维耦合体的动力性能。     

考虑流固耦合动力的渡槽结构地震反应分析

多槽式渡槽作为一种交差联系的水工建筑物,在跨流域输水工程中得到了广泛应用。但由于槽内水载荷较大,多槽式渡槽结构头重脚轻,不利于抗震。在地震波作用下,水体晃动与槽体振动耦合,破坏程度更强。以新疆库玛拉克河东岸总干渠双槽式渡槽为例,建立流固耦合动力学模型,利用ANSYS软件对渡槽自振特性进行研究。研究表明,随着水体质量的增加,渡槽自振频率降低,自振周期增加。     

南水北调双洎河渡槽结构动力特性分析

大型渡槽结构槽内水体质量较大,在地震作用下水体的晃动对渡槽结构的动力特性及地震反应有着明显的影响.使用大型有限元分析软件对双洎河渡槽进行了动力特性分析,考虑了两种连接支座和6种不同的水深.计算结果表明,支座直接影响渡槽结构的频率和振型,水体对渡槽的振动形态影响不大,水深只影响渡槽结构的频率:水深越大,渡槽的频率越低.所得结论可为渡槽结构的抗震设计提供依据.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.