RCC坝力学参数反演不唯一性概率统计分析方法探讨

由于室内试验确定的混凝土坝力学参数与实际参数存在较大差异,目前混凝土坝工程上常基于实测变形采用优化算法或仿生算法反演获得混凝土坝力学参数,然而多参数反演不唯一性问题尚未解决。针对反分析不唯一性问题,考虑到大坝混凝土弹性模量和强度之间密切相关,基于大坝混凝土强度标准值的定义方法,建议基于实测变形进行多次力学参数反演,然后对反演结果进行概率统计分析获得概率分布函数,依据80%保证率确定反演参数。结合高寒地区某碾压混凝土(RCC)坝实测变形,验证了本文提出的反演参数不唯一性概率统计分析方法。分析表明该方法可以获得相对稳定的坝体及坝基力学参数反演值,可为高寒地区碾压混凝土坝安全性态评估提供参考。     

高寒地区碾压混凝土坝运行期力学参数反演分析

为准确获得高寒地区碾压混凝土坝真实状态下的力学参数,将碾压混凝土作为横观各向同性材料进行参数反演分析。首先采用均匀设计构造力学参数样本,然后基于有限元法计算不同工况下的顺河向位移,将有限元分析得到的水压分量相对值及相应的力学参数作为神经网络的训练样本,建立水压分量相对值与相应的力学参数非线性映射关系。基于大坝实测位移,考虑坝顶冻胀变形的影响,通过建立坝体及坝基多测点变形统计模型分离出水压分量相对值,将其作为反演模型的输入值,得到坝体及坝基的力学参数。通过实例分析表明,该方法反演得到的坝体及坝基力学参数是可行的,可为高寒地区碾压混凝土坝安全性态评估提供参考。     

应用自动测值反演坝体弹模和拟定位移监控指标

大坝监测自动化是大坝安全监测的发展方向,为更好地为大坝安全监测服务,利用自动监测系统测值对陈村大坝的综合弹性模量进行了反演和变形监控指标的拟定。介绍了反演分析的基本原理和方法,以陈村水电站18#坝块作为典型坝段进行了反演分析,并根据实测资料,拟定了陈村典型坝段坝顶水平位移监控指标。结果说明自动监测系统的测值是可信的,可用于评估大坝安全。     

基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的重力坝变形参数反演

针对利用位移实测资料对大坝坝体和基岩的变形力学参数进行优化反演时存在效率低、精度差等问题,通过对鲸鱼优化算法进行并行化改进,并引入权重因子,结合有限元计算,提出一种基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法。利用该方法对某混凝土重力坝坝体和基岩弹性模量进行反演,并与粒子群算法的反演结果进行比较。结果表明:在相同迭代次数的情况下,改进的鲸鱼优化算法比粒子群算法耗时更少,且反演得到的坝体、基岩力学参数比粒子群算法得到的更为准确。表明利用多核处理器对该方法进行并行计算,可大幅度缩短计算时间。基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法具有搜索能力强、收敛速度快和精度高等特点,合理可行,可推广应用于混凝土拱坝等其他坝型的力学参数反演。     

地基水荷载对混凝土坝位移影响研究

分析了地基变形模量随深度逐渐增加、渗透系数随深度逐渐减小、坝基渗透系数各向异性、坝踵设置帷幕排水,以及考虑渗流场和应力场耦合等对混凝土坝位移分量的影响,得出如下结论:作用在地基上的水荷载,使混凝土坝坝顶相对参考基点(倒垂锚固点或坝踵正下方1倍坝高处)的水平位移指向上游,而参考基点的水平位移随地基截取范围的增大而增大.由于大坝工程上常将倒垂线锚固在岩基深处,并认为该倒垂线测值为绝对位移.当考虑作用在地基上的水荷载时,将倒垂线测值作为绝对位移的认识存在局限性.为了获得精度良好的参数反演值,必须考虑参考基点的位移,应采用大坝有限元数值计算的坝体位移和基点位移的相对值,联合实测位移分离出的水压分量进行参数反分析.     

碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性参数反演

根据碾压混凝土坝的成层结构特性,将层面影响概化到整个坝体中,将碾压混凝土坝视为横观各向同性体,建立了碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性模型。根据位移实测资料,采用偏最小二乘法建立位移统计模型,分离水压分量和时效分量,建立反演碾压混凝土坝双向异性黏弹性参数的目标函数,并利用混沌遗传算法对黏弹性参数进行反演。工程实例中,将反演得到的黏弹性参数作为已知值,计算测点在相应时间段变形的水压和时效分量之和,并与分离出的实测值进行对比,结果表明:计算值与实测值比较接近,说明反演方法是正确、可行的。     

基于混沌遗传算法的碾压混凝土坝力学参数反分析

坝体物理力学参数是衡量坝体质量的一项重要指标,如何获取碾压混凝土坝当前实际的物理力学参数是分析和评价大坝安全性态的前提和关键。根据碾压混凝土坝施工过程、压实机理和层面特性等,将碾压混凝土坝力学参数识别反问题作为优化问题处理,系统地研究并建立了碾压混凝土坝变形力学参数反分析理论和方法。为克服传统遗传算法的早熟缺点,在处理优化问题时引入混沌遗传算法,并应用混沌遗传算法对某碾压混凝土坝的横观各向同性变形参数和渐变参数进行了反演。最后将横观各向同性模型与参数渐变模型计算值和实测值进行对比分析,验证了反分析理论和方法的正确性,同时也说明了参数渐变模型的合理性和正确性。     

滑坡体力学参数反分析研究

除室内试验和现场试验之外,反演分析是一种可以利用现有变形监测数据获取滑坡体等效力学参数的方法.以清江杨家槽滑坡体为例进行研究,提出了将均匀设计、遗传算法与BP神经网络结合起来应用于滑坡体反分析的新方法.先将具有很好全局寻优能力的改进遗传算法作为BP神经网络的学习算法,形成遗传神经网络;然后利用均匀设计方法设计网络学习样本,训练遗传神经网络映射滑坡体变形与滑坡体力学参数的非线性关系;最后将实测位移值作为网络输入,网络输出即为参数的反演值.该方法克服了优化反分析方法反演时间过长,解不易收敛等缺陷,实现了多参数的同时反演.通过对反分析结果进行检验与评价,证明其结果符合实际工程要求.     

CT技术在基岩力学参数分区中的应用

 采用CT技术可从不同射线方向的孔间穿透的声波、地震波走时信息中反演求得测区岩体的波速分布特征，圈定测区地质构造及地下硐室的分布情况。通过对测区岩样的静力试验资料与动测资料的对比，求得适合具体工程特点的动静对比经验公式，可将测区波速分布换成测区岩体力学参数分布，从而达到对测区进行力学参数分区的目的，本方法在清江高坝洲工程左岸溶塌体溶洞分布调查及坝基岩力学参数分区中得到初步应用，取得较好的效果。     

邓肯E-B 模型参数敏感性分析

对于覆盖层和大粒径坝料,单纯依靠室内试验难以准确测定其模型参数,近年来联合室内和现场试验反演分析确定本构模型参数的方法日益受到重视。但待反演参数过多时反演结果可能会出现多值问题,因此需要合理选择待反演参数。本文研究了土石坝应力变形计算中位移对邓肯E-B模型参数的敏感性,讨论了影响分析结果的因素,给出了邓肯E-B模型参数的敏感性排序。研究结果可作为选择待反演参数的依据,同时也可为土石坝应力变形分析结果的综合评价提供支持。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.