Comparison of Meteorological,Hydrological and Agricultural Drought Responses to Climate Change and Uncertainty Assessment

A comparison study of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought responses to climate change resulting from different General Circulation Models (GCMs), emission scenarios and hydrological models is presented. Drought variations from 1961–2000 to 2061–2100 in Huai River basin above Bengbu station in China are investigated. Meteorological drought is recognized by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) while hydrological drought and agricultural drought are indexed with a similar standardized procedure by the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) and Standardized Soil Water Index (SSWI). The results generally approve that hydrological and agricultural drought could still pose greater threats to local water resources management in the future, even with a more steady background to meteorological drought. However, the various drought responses to climate change indicate that uncertainty arises in the propagation of drought from meteorological to hydrological and agricultural systems with respect to alternative climates. The uncertainty in hydrological model structure, as well as the uncertainties in GCM and emission scenario, are aggregated to the results and lead to much wider variations in hydrological and agricultural drought characteristics. Our results also reveal that the selection of hydrological models can induce fundamental differences in drought simulations, and the role of hydrological model uncertainty may become dominating among the three uncertainty sources while recognizing frequency of extreme drought and maximum drought duration.     

基于SPI的辽宁省庄河市近35年干旱演变特性研究

庄河市是辽南地区的重要水源地,分析其干旱演变特性有利于该地区水资源的合理开发与利用,对于防旱减灾、合理布局产业结构具有重要的现实意义。本文根据庄河市1984年1月1日至2018年12月31日的逐日降水数据计算了1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月共4个不同时间尺度下的标准化降水指数(SPI),并基于SPI对该地区近35年的年际与季节干旱演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:在年际变化方面,庄河市的SPI在2000年以前波动幅度较小,说明该地区的降水在时间上分布较为均匀;但自2000年以来,SPI序列出现较大的波峰与波谷,说明降雨的分布不均匀性有所增强;SPI的时间序列趋势线斜率为负值,说明该地区整体上呈现偏旱趋势,因此其水资源压力不断增大。在季节演变特征方面,夏季干旱和秋季干旱呈现增强趋势;秋旱的发生频率最高,而夏旱的出现频率最低。本研究结果可为庄河地区的抗旱减灾与水资源规划提供科学依据。     

ＲCPs 情景下贵州省干旱趋势分析

为探究贵州省未来干旱变化趋势,基于 CMIP5 全球气候模式预估的降水月值数据,利用标准化降水指数(SPI)分析了 2016—2050 年 ＲCPs 情景下贵州省干旱趋势。结果表明: 2016—2050 年间ＲCP2. 6、ＲCP4. 5 和 ＲCP8. 5 情景下贵州省 SPI 指数均呈现增加趋势。除特旱外,ＲCP8. 5 情景下轻旱、中旱、重旱发生频次高于 ＲCP2. 6 和 ＲCP4. 5 情景。2016—2030 年各情景下各干旱等级发生频次较高。不同情景下各干旱等级的干旱频率空间异质性突出。各情景下贵州省干旱站次比和干旱强度均呈现下降趋势,发生全域性干旱年份较多,发生区域性干旱和局域性干旱年份较少。发生轻度干旱强度年份较多,发生中度干旱强度和重度干旱强度年份较少。ＲCPs 情景下贵州省降水增加导致干旱风险降低。研究结果可为干旱监测和农业生产提供参考依据。     

Influence of Precipitation Changes on the SPI and Related Drought Severity. An Analysis Using Long-Term Data Series

Drought indices, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are used to quantify drought severity. Due to the SPI probabilistic and standardized nature, a given value of SPI computed in distinct time periods or locations indicates the same relative drought severity but corresponds to different amounts of precipitation. Thus, the present study aims at contributing for a comprehensive analysis of the influence of long-term precipitation variability on drought assessment by the SPI. Long records of monthly precipitation, spanning from 1863 to 2007 in several locations across Portugal, were divided into 30 years sub-periods and the SPI with 12-month time scale (SPI-12) was computed for each sub-period and for the entire period of records. The probability distributions adjusted to precipitation in those different time periods were compared envisaging to detect the SPI sensitivity to the reference period and, therefore, to changes in precipitation. Precipitation thresholds relative to the upper limits of SPI-12 drought categories were obtained and the influence of the time period was investigated. Results have shown that when SPI values derived from the full data record for a recent time period are lower/higher than the SPI values derived from data of the considered time period a recent downward/upward shift of precipitation has occurred. Coherently, a common pattern of drought aggravation from the initial until the more recent period was not detected. However, in southern locations, lower precipitation thresholds of the SPI drought categories were generally found in the more recent period, particularly for more severe drought categories, whereas in the northern locations Porto and Montalegre, an increase was detected. The impacts of the reference period on the computed SPI drought severity and frequency are shown, bringing to discussion the need for updating ´normal´ conditions when long term precipitation records are available and precipitation changes are observed.     

基于卫星降雨的辽宁省气象干旱实时监测研究

卫星实时降雨产品的出现为开展大范围干旱监测提供了可能。然而,卫星遥感降雨通常存在误差大、数据序列短等问题,限制了卫星降雨自身在干旱监测诊断方面的应用。本文通过误差矫正,将TMPA-RT卫星降雨数据无缝"拼接"具有长期历史序列(1961—2016年)的地面观测产品(CN05.1),以弥补卫星遥感数据序列短的不足。借助上述"拼接"的实时降雨序列,通过估算不同时间尺度下的标准化降雨指数(SPI)来实现干旱的实时监测诊断。以干旱频发的辽宁省为研究区,对比评估了矫正前后TMPA-RT产品在干旱识别方面的表现。结果表明,在辽宁省近半数地区,TMPA-RT原始数据与CN05.1地面观测两者存在明显的降雨误差(10 mm/月);经过误差矫正,TMPA-RT数据能够重现同期地面观测的降雨量及年际变化。基于3个典型干旱月的评估结果表明,基于TMPA-RT矫正数据与CN05.1"拼接"得到的序列能够重现观测的干/湿空间分布,准确监测辽西地区的干旱状况;而原始的TMPA-RT数据难以提供准确可靠的干旱信息。将上述框架实际应用于2011—2016年干旱监测,评估发现该框架不仅能合理地重现辽宁省干旱情况,还能提供不同等级干旱的面积分布信息。     

基于动态权重系数法的区域综合干旱指标研究

为揭示区域总体干旱程度及其变化特征,以长株潭地区为研究区,在标准化降水指数(SPI)、标准化水位指数(SZI)、标准化区域水资源短缺指数(SSDI)基础上,利用动态权重系数法构建区域干旱综合指标MIDI,结合历史受旱面积率、因旱减少供水量等旱情统计资料,对MIDI的适用性进行分析验证。以长株潭地区11个气象站、12个水文站近几十年实测资料为例,分别采用游程理论和Copula函数法识别干旱事件,并计算其发生频率,采用多尺度统计分析法,对区域综合干旱的演变特征进行分析。研究结果表明:SPI、SZI、SSDI对于不同水源、行业类型干旱评价各具优势,SPI、SSDI年干旱累积烈度与长株潭地区农业受旱面积率相关性相对较高;SZI年干旱累积烈度与城镇因旱减少供水量相关性较高,更适用于依靠地表径流为主要供水水源的城镇干旱地区评价。本研究提出的动态权重系数法,综合考虑了区域产业结构的年际变化、产业需水规律的季节性变化等因素,可反映不同阶段各单项指标干旱对于旱情的主导作用,适用于多种水源和产业类型的区域旱情综合评价;从月、季和年3种时间尺度,分析了长株潭地区MIDI综合干旱的变化特征,结果表明长株潭地区近20 a来极端干旱发生频次呈现波动增加趋势。     

基于标准化降水指数的淮河流域干旱 演变特征分析

利用淮河流域35个气象站点的降水资料,采用标准化降水指数(Standardized Drecipitafion in- dex , SP1)分析了淮河流域近50年(1961 } 2010年)的年度干旱指数,并利用干旱发生频率、干旱站次比和干旱强度三项干旱指标分析了淮河流域的干旱演变特征。研究结果表明,近50年来,淮河流域以轻旱、中旱为主,重旱、特旱相对较少,有干旱发生面积有逐年递减而发生强度呈增强趋势。在当前气候变化背景下,淮河流域干旱对农业生产的不利影响有减小的趋势。     

基于多尺度SPI指数的哈巴河地区近53 a的干旱分析

为了对新疆哈巴河地区开展最新的旱情研究,以期全面了解该地区干旱特征及演变规律,基于不同时间尺度下的标准化降水指数(SPI)方法,分析了哈巴河地区1962—2014年间的干旱演变特征。结果表明①近53 a来,SPI指数方法在哈巴河地区有较高的适用性,不同时间尺度SPI皆可监测旱情变化,且与记载的流域实际旱情相符。②从SPI₁,SPI₃,SPI₆指数过程线可以看出,哈巴河地区发生不同干旱等级事件的概率为20%左右;SPI₃指数较SPI₁,SPI₆指数评价的旱情程度要重;SPI₁₂呈现显著的上升趋势,长时间尺度说明地区气候在逐步变湿,有助于减轻地区干旱。③不同季节SPI的年际过程差异显著,其中年SPI最小值为1963年的-1.97,53 a间发生轻旱、中旱、重旱等不同等级干旱事件的年份分别为9,4,0 a。④四季SPI发生轻旱级别以上干旱的年份约占26%~28%,平均约11 a。⑤冬季SPI呈增加趋势,其余季节及年SPI变化趋势不明显,且夏季SPI与年SPI过程较为相似。研究结果可为区域旱情监测与预警、风险管理提供科学依据。     

不同干旱指标在新疆喀什地区的运用对比研究

本文基于新疆喀什地区1952—2008年近57气象资料,分别运用标准化降水指数SPI、降水百分位指数PDECI以及干旱侦测指数RDIst三种干旱指标定量评价了新疆喀什地区的干旱情况．并结合研究区2000—2008年实际干旱情况进行验证分析,从而评价出较适合于研究区的干旱指标计算方法,研究结果表明：在新疆喀什地区,在三种干旱指标中,SPI和RDIst的相关性较好,在月尺度上．其相关系数高达0．9725,由于RDIst考虑蒸散发对区域干旱的影响,与喀什地区实际发生的干旱情况比较吻合,且RDIst指标具有较稳定的计算结果．整体计算结果略优于在国内运用较好的标准化降水指数SPI,而PDECI对于降水量的变化最为敏感．其月尺度和季尺度的干旱指标均不适合于喀什地区的干旱判定．研究成果可以为新疆地区的干旱评价和水资源保护提供参考价值．     

Differences in Spatial Patterns of Drought on Different Time Scales: An Analysis of the Iberian Peninsula

The differences in spatial patterns of drought over a range of time scales were analysed by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). In a climatic area with a wide range of precipitation characteristics (the Iberian Peninsula), Pearson III distribution is flexible enough to calculate the drought index on different time scales. The Pearson III distribution was adapted to precipitation frequencies at time scales of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Spatial patterns of drought were analysed by Principal Component Analysis. The number of components found increased as the time scale did, which indicates great spatial complexity in drought analysis and uncertainty in drought classification, mainly at scales of 24 or 36 months, since the relationships between SPI series of observatories becomes more distant as the time scale increases. We concluded that there were no homogeneous regions with similar drought patterns that could be used for effective drought management or early warning.     

Stochastic Prediction of Drought Class Transitions

This paper aims at the stochastic characterization of droughts applying Markov chains modeling to drought class transitions derived from SPI time series. Several sites in Southern Portugal having updated data on precipitation available were considered. The drought class probabilities, the expected residence time in each class of severity, the expected time for the transition between drought classes and the drought severity class predictions 1, 2, or 3 months ahead have been obtained. Those predictions are then compared with observed drought classes for the recent drought periods of 2003–2006. In addition, the estimation of the cumulated precipitation deficits, amount of monthly precipitation needed to decrease drought severity, and foreseen SPI values depending on different precipitation scenarios are also presented as complementing the prediction of drought class transitions.     

The Utility of Land-Surface Model Simulations to Provide Drought Information in a Water Management Context Using Global and Local Forcing Datasets

Drought diagnosis and forecasting are fundamental issues regarding hydrological management in Spain, where recurrent water scarcity periods are normal. Land-surface models (LSMs) could provide relevant information for water managers on how drought conditions evolve. Here, we explore the usefulness of LSMs driven by atmospheric analyses with different resolutions and accuracies in simulating drought and its propagation to precipitation, soil moisture and streamflow through the system. We perform simulations for the 1980-2014 period with SASER (5 km resolution) and LEAFHYDRO (2.5 km resolution), which are forced by the Spanish SAFRAN dataset (at 5km and 30km resolutions), and the global eartH2Observe datasets at 0.25 degrees (including the MSWEP precipitation dataset). We produce standardized indices for precipitation (SPI), soil moisture (SSMI) and streamflow (SSI). The results show that the model structure uncertainty remains an important issue in current generation large-scale hydrological simulations based on LSMs. This is true for both the SSMI and SSI. The differences between the simulated SSMI and SSI are large, and the propagation scales for drought regarding both soil moisture and streamflow are overly dependent on the model structure. Forcing datasets have an impact on the uncertainty of the results but, in general, this impact is not as large as the uncertainty due to model formulation. Concerning the global products, the precipitation product that includes satellite observations (MSWEP) represents a large improvement compared with the product that does not.

     

标准化降水指数与有效干旱指数在新疆干旱监测中的应用

基于干旱监测理论,根据新疆测站1961—2010年逐日降水资料,对比分析了基于不同时间尺度(1、3、6、9、12、24个月)标准化降水指标(SPI)与有效干旱指数(EDI)对干旱监测的有效性与实用性。结果表明:不论针对短期干旱还是长期干旱,EDI监测能力均明显优于SPI。短时间尺度的SPI受短时间降水影响较大,能反映短时间新疆地区的干旱变化特征;随时间尺度的增加,SPI对短时间降水的响应能力较差,但仍可反映长时间序列下明显的干旱变化趋势。与SPI相比,EDI能够很好地反映出短期干旱和当时降水量的影响;同时能够随时间迁移,给每日降水量分配以不同权重,考虑前期降水量对当前干湿状况的影响。相关研究结果可为湿润区及其他气候区洪旱灾害监测提供重要理论依据。     

抚河流域气象干旱向水文干旱传播的影响机制研究

气象干旱是水文干旱发生的前兆,探究影响气象干旱向水文干旱传播的主要因素对建立有效的基于气象干旱的水文干旱监测预警具有重要意义。以抚河流域为例,采用标准化降水指数和标准化径流指数分别评估气象干旱和水文干旱,并构建基于流域分布式二元水循环模型的干旱传播评估方法,采用多因素综合影响贡献量分解法量化气候变化和人类活动对干旱传播变化的贡献。结果表明：建立的抚河流域分布式二元水循环模型模拟流域出口断面流量的纳什效率系数大于0.85,相对误差在5%之内;气象干旱向水文干旱传播关系变化的时间是1980s—1990s。相对于1956—1990年,1991—2019年气象干旱向水文干旱的传播率降低了8.3%;在气象干旱向水文干旱传播的影响中,气候变化的减缓作用占主导地位,贡献量为-9.9%;其次是人类活动的加剧作用,贡献量为1.6%;降水作为干旱的主要致灾因子,变化期增加了144.3 mm,这对于减弱气象干旱向水文干旱传播的敏感性起到主要作用。     

Toward Mapping Gridded Drought Indices to Evaluate Local Drought in a Rapidly Changing Global Environment

Uncertain future climate, recent persistent droughts, and subsequent water conflicts increasingly threaten the sustainability of regional water resources in the United States. Climate change and ongoing water disputes brought about by changes in water availability and timing emphasize the need for decision makers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate losses. Developing a drought management system equipped with advanced visualization settings is critical to lay out drought evolvement at local scales, yet an effort has not been made to evaluate how different spatial discretization can represent local drought as opposed to conventional drought monitoring. Gridded drought indices, including the standardized precipitation index (SPI), Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and Hydrologic drought index (HDI) at high-resolution spatial (12 km by 12 km) scales are demonstrated to provide useful insights to evaluate local drought possibly driven by a rapidly changing global environment. A new method for duration factors in PDSI is also discussed to better represent drought conditions over time and space.     

淮河流域陆地水储量与干旱指标分析

基于GRACE卫星数据、MODIS数据和降水数据分析了2003—2016年淮河流域陆地水储量、植被指数和降水的多年时空变化,并探究标准化陆地水储量指数(SWSI)、标准化降水指数(SPI)与条件植被指数(VCI)对流域干旱的指示性。结果表明:淮河流域陆地水储量呈显著下降趋势,降水量微弱下降,植被覆盖率显著上升;SPI与VCI相关性较高,与SWSI变化较为一致;SWSI与SPI指示的不同等级干旱月份数量基本相当,明显小于VCI;SPI对淮河流域历史干旱存在漏报,VCI指示的干旱等级略偏高;SWSI整体表现较为良好,能够有效监测淮河流域旱情。     

Drought variability and its connection with large-scale atmospheric circulations in Haihe River Basin

Drought is one of the most widespread and devastating extreme climate events when water availability is significantly below normal levels for a long period. In recent years, the Haihe River Basin has been threatened by intensified droughts. Therefore, characterization of droughts in the basin is of great importance for sustainable water resources management. In this study, two multi-scalar drought indices, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) with potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Penmane Monteith equation and the standardized precipitation index(SPI), were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of drought characteristics from 1961 to 2017 in the Haihe River Basin. In addition, the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns were used to further explore the potential links between drought trends and climatic anomalies. An increasing tendency in drought duration was detected over the Haihe River Basin with frequent drought events occurring in the period from 1997 to 2003. The results derived from both SPEI and SPI demonstrated that summer droughts were significantly intensified. The analysis of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns indicated that the intensified summer droughts could be attributed to the positive geopotential height anomalies in Asian mid-high latitudes and the insufficient water vapor fluxes transported from the south.     

干旱指数在辽河流域的应用分析

由于农业用水增加、工业污染严重,造成辽河流域干旱程度加重,利用2010—2015年辽河流域昌图县、康平县、法库县逐月降水量资料及年降雨量数据,通过降水距平百分率、标准化降水指数(SPI)、降水Z指数合理评价了辽河流域干旱情况,并比较3种干旱指数的评价效果。分析了三个地方的干旱情况,研究并比较了降水距平百分率、 SPI、降水Z指数的评价效果。结果表明：降水距平百分率反映干旱程度较轻;与降水Z指数相比,SPI指数能较客观地反映辽河流域干旱程度。为辽河流域定量研究干旱事件提供合理的指标依据,为不同研究区根据自身特点选择适合的干旱指标奠定理论基础。     

Drought forecasting using the Standardized Precipitation Index

Unlike other natural disasters, drought events evolve slowly in time and their impacts generally span a long period of time. Such features do make possible a more effective drought mitigation of the most adverse effects, provided a timely monitoring of an incoming drought is available. Among the several proposed drought monitoring indices, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has found widespread application for describing and comparing droughts among different time periods and regions with different climatic conditions. However, limited efforts have been made to analyze the role of the SPI for drought forecasting. The aim of the paper is to provide two methodologies for the seasonal forecasting of SPI, under the hypothesis of uncorrelated and normally distributed monthly precipitation aggregated at various time scales k. In the first methodology, the auto-covariance matrix of SPI values is analytically derived, as a function of the statistics of the underlying monthly precipitation process, in order to compute the transition probabilities from a current drought condition to another in the future. The proposed analytical approach appears particularly valuable from a practical stand point in light of the difficulties of applying a frequency approach due to the limited number of transitions generally observed even on relatively long SPI records. Also, an analysis of the applicability of a Markov chain model has revealed the inadequacy of such an approach, since it leads to significant errors in the transition probability as shown in the paper. In the second methodology, SPI forecasts at a generic time horizon M are analytically determined, in terms of conditional expectation, as a function of past values of monthly precipitation. Forecasting accuracy is estimated through an expression of the Mean Square Error, which allows one to derive confidence intervals of prediction. Validation of the derived expressions is carried out by comparing theoretical forecasts and observed SPI values by means of a moving window technique. Results seem to confirm the reliability of the proposed methodologies, which therefore can find useful application within a drought monitoring system.     

一种新的干旱预测指标在贵州旱情评价中的应用

为了分析适用于贵州省的干旱判别指标,对月尺度、季尺度、年尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）、降水成数（Deciles）、干旱侦测指数RDIst进行比较分析。1951~2010年60 a的气象资料和1984~1989年连旱期间资料的分析结果表明：降水系列的分布越均匀,SPI与Deciles的相关关系越好;由于季尺度的RDIst考虑了蒸发因素对干旱的作用,对实际情况的反映最好,优于在我国广泛使用的SPI指标;Deciles对降水的敏感度高,月尺度和季尺度的Deciles指标不适合在贵州地区应用;年尺度的Deciles则最能反映干旱过程在历史系列中的严重程度。