岩体隧道拱顶稳定性数值分析

岩体隧道的侧压力系数是评价围岩拱顶稳定性的重要参数。该文结合工程实例,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立隧道数值模型,对11种侧压力系数作用下直墙圆拱隧道拱顶的稳定性进行数值模拟,分析围岩的侧压力系数λ∈[0,1]变化过程中拱顶岩体的应力场与位移场的变化规律。结果表明,当侧压力系数λ0.15时,拱顶围岩的最大主应力和最小主应力都是拉应力;当0.15λ0.38时,拱顶围岩的最大主应力为压应力而最小主应力为拉应力;当λ0.38时,拱顶围岩的最大主应力和最小主应力都是压应力。围岩的侧压力系数λ由0~1变化时,拱顶围岩分别经历了双向受拉,拉压共存和双向受压3种状态,拱顶最终沉降值随着围岩的侧压力系数λ的增大而减小。     

基于GLUE 方法的饱和多孔介质中溶质运移模型参数不确定性分析

模型参数的不确定性分析是模型不确定性研究的重要内容之一。本文以示踪剂Br和反应性溶质Cu在石英砂中的运移为例,采用GLUE方法探讨了多孔介质中溶质运移模型参数的不确定性。研究结果表明,仅对水力学参数θs和λ进行识别时,θs和λ的可识别性较强。对耦合Freundlich等温吸附的模型参数进行识别时,由于参数间的相互作用,θs和λ的可识别性降低;吸附特性参数kF的后验分布基本呈均匀分布,可识别性较差,吸附特性参数β、ω、f的取值区间则相对收敛,可识别性较强。K-S检验结果表明,参数区域敏感度由高到底的排序为f、ω、β、kF、λ、θs,主要是因为石英砂对Cu的吸附以动力学反应为主,而f和ω是与动力学吸附反应相关的两个参数。上述结论有助于加深对溶质运移模型参数的理解和提高模型预测的可靠性。     

SCS-CN模型的改进及其空间尺度效应

SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service Curve Number)模型是广泛应用经验性水文模型,其模型参数的确定与空间尺度效应对径流模拟结果有着重要的影响。选取淮河上游为研究区,分析SCS-CN模型参数的敏感性并对模型进行改进,探讨了9种栅格尺度(100～2 000m)下径流模拟结果的空间尺度效应。研究结果表明:SCS-CN模型输入参数中,系数b的敏感性高于初损系数(λ),将参数b值作为模型需要修正的参数;随着空间尺度增加,下垫面各要素的尺度变化使得参数b呈指数递减趋势;模型模拟精度的最佳空间尺度范围是250～500m尺度。     

金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征

根据1986年秋季和1987年春季金塘水道内十个站点的大、中、小潮的流速和悬沙浓度的同步观测资料,利用悬沙质量守恒原理,分析了金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征。水道与外海的悬沙交换、水道内悬沙与底质的泥沙交换分别使水道内的悬沙质量平均每小时发生2%~10%和7%~14%的变化,前者小于后者。水道与外海进行悬沙交换时,水道向外海输出悬沙,大潮周日输出的悬沙质量比小潮大2个数量级。在悬沙与底质的泥沙交换过程中,大潮和中潮以再悬浮作用为主,小潮以沉降作用为主,在一个大小潮周期中,再悬浮作用强于沉降作用,水道底床发生侵蚀。再悬浮通量与流速、(τ-τcr)/τcr具有一定的正线性关系(τ为底部切应力,τcr为临界再悬浮切应力)。再悬浮系数处于10-4kg.m-2s-1量级,与(τ-cτr)/τcr不具有明显关系,底质沉积特征是影响再悬浮作用和再悬浮系数的重要因素。     

新鲜混凝土:一种Herschel-Bulkley材料

新鲜混凝土的流变特性目前已得到一些初步的试验结果。在采用平行平板流变仪试验中 ,转矩和转速不成线性关系。新鲜混凝土的性能可以形象地用 Herschel-Bulkley材料模型来描述 ,τ=τ0 ′+aγb其中 τ和 γ分别是试样的剪应力和应变率 ,τ0 ′、a和 b是描述混凝土性能的三个材料参数。其优点是 ,它避免了宾汉模型产生负屈服应力问题     

真三轴条件下Q_2黄土强度及变形试验研究

随着黄土地区高速铁路、公路、长距离输水工程及地下空间结构等工程的大量修建,黄土强度及变形规律研究就显得尤为重要。对于作为主要持力层的Q2原状黄土,复杂的应力状态以及含水量变化,将直接影响到其强度及变形。通过真三轴试验,研究了不同围压、含水量及中主应力参数b值条件下Q2黄土的应力应变变化规律。研究表明,含水量变化是直接影响Q2原状黄土强度的最主要因素,土体强度随含水量增加迅速降低;当围压大于结构强度ps时,应力应变为硬化型曲线,反之,呈软化型曲线;而中主应力参数b值也对土体强度造成一定的影响。     

滑坡滑带土非饱和蠕变特性模型研究

绝大多数滑坡的失稳过程实质为非饱和蠕变过程。在Singh-Mitchell研究成果的基础上,研究了低应力水平下蠕变变形与时间的关系,将蠕变过程划分为衰减蠕变、等速蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段,并且将基质吸力作为一种新的应力变量反映到模型中,从而建立能够反映应力-吸力-应变-时间的非饱和蠕变模型。以三峡库区千将坪滑坡滑带土为研究对象,根据非饱和三轴蠕变试验数据对模型参数进行求解,并根据参数λ1、λ2与应力水平的关系,参数B、βDR与时间关系对模型进行修正,推导了适用于非饱和土的非线性蠕变模型。采用试验数据对模型进行验证,发现该模型能够较合理地预测滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性。     

岩石统计损伤软化模型及其参数反演

为了反映岩石应变软化现象,基于岩石微元强度服从Weibull随机分布的假定,结合连续损伤理论,建立岩石统计损伤软化模型。该模型含有2个待定系数,其中一个可通过岩石应力-应变曲线的峰值点确定,另一个取决于微元强度参数。通过研究微元强度参数对所建模型的影响,采用优化反演分析法确定模型参数,克服传统方法求解模型参数精度较低的难点,并依据微元强度参数选取合理的强度准则。采用YSJ-01-00岩石三轴流变试验机进行红层泥岩常规三轴压缩试验,对比试验曲线和理论曲线,验证了本文模型和方法的正确性与合理性。     

指数Γ分布在西南“四江”地区的应用

根据我国西南地区金沙江、雅砻江、澜沧江和怒江(简称“四江”)的年最大洪峰流量的分布特征,同时也针对P-Ⅲ型曲线与该地区洪水拟合中存在的缺陷,本文选择了指数Γ型分布曲线进行统计参数的计算和分析。文中包括了两个主要内容:(1)采用了绝对值离差和最小为目标函数S_(min)进行拟优适线,求得各统计参数,并且一次达可行域,所绘制的理论频率曲线,与“四江”地区年最大洪峰流量的实际分布的经验频率曲线基本相符,与P-Ⅲ型分布曲线所分析的结果相比较,有着明显的改善;(2)将偏态系数C_s、变换参数b以及偏态系数与偏差系数C_v之比值C_s/C_v結合起来进行分析,由于参数b的变化,可以使指数Γ型分布转化为适应于洪水系列的实际分布,这样就改变了过去让洪水系列去适应某种人为拟定的线型的局面,从而更进一步揭示出该地区洪水的统计特性与P-Ⅲ型分布特性不完全符合,相反与指数Γ型分布的特性符合得比较好。     

基于循环荷载下西原岩石疲劳模型的改进研究

为研究岩石疲劳变形规律,通过将西原模型黏塑性体中线性元件替换为含疲劳参数n的非线性黏性元件,建立了循环荷载下改进的西原疲劳模型。当岩石循环荷载应力上限值小于岩石门槛应力值时,模型为描述岩石减速、等速两个疲劳变形阶段的广义Kelvin疲劳模型;当岩石循环荷载应力上限值大于岩石门槛应力值且模型参数n≠1时,模型为反映岩石的减速、等速及加速3个疲劳过程的改进西原疲劳模型;当模型疲劳参数n=1时,模型退化为西原疲劳模型。结果表明:与既有岩石疲劳试验结果相比,改进的西原疲劳模型能更好描述循环荷载下软硬岩石的等速、减速、加速三个疲劳变形阶段,且模型疲劳参数n随岩石的单轴抗压强度增大而增大,较高的循环荷载上限应力比会造成模型疲劳参数值n的反常,其他参数变化规律也较为明显。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.