黄河中游多沙粗沙区淤地坝拦减粗泥沙分析

本文对地处黄河中游多沙粗沙区的河口镇至龙门区间（简称河龙区间）及四大典型支流皇甫川、窟野河、无定河和三川河流域淤地坝拦减粗泥沙效果进行了深入分析，计算了不同年代淤地坝拦减粗泥沙量。通过分析实施淤地坝等水土保持措施前后泥沙粒径的变化、淤地坝配置比例与减沙比例关系的变化后认为：淤地坝是快速减少入黄粗泥沙的首选工程措施和第一道防线，具有明显的“拦粗排细”功能。只要河龙区间坝地的配置比例保持在2%左右，其减沙比例即可达到45%以上。当四大典型支流淤地坝配置比例平均达到2.5%时，淤地坝减沙比例平均可以达到60%。因此，为有效、快速地减少入黄泥沙尤其是粗泥沙，河龙区间水土保持措施应采用以淤地坝为主的工程措施与坡面措施相结合的综合配置模式。淤地坝的配置比例应保持在2%以上。减少黄河粗泥沙的重点支流应首选窟野河和皇甫川。     

黄河中游淤地坝淤积泥沙级配组成分析

对黄河中游右岸皇甫川等4条一级支流36座淤地坝淤积物钻孔取样资料和原生土取样资料进行了分析。结果表明:淤地坝淤积泥沙粒径的纵向分布总体上呈现出由坝尾到坝前逐渐变细的规律;4条支流淤地坝拦减粒径d≥0.05mm和d≥0.1 mm粗泥沙含量所占百分数大小为窟野河>皇甫川>秃尾河>佳芦河;淤地坝拦减粗泥沙效果显著,淤积物中d≥0.05 mm和d≥0.1 mm的粗颗粒含量与流域原生土粗颗粒含量成正比,即入库的粗颗粒含量越多拦的粗泥沙也越多;在黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区,淤地坝拦减粗泥沙存在着多来多淤、多淤多粗的规律。同时,得到了窟野河和皇甫川两流域淤地坝淤积物平均中值粒径d50淤和原生土平均中值粒径d50原的线性关系式。     

再谈黄河中游粗泥沙的来源

选择黄河中游多沙粗沙来源较为集中的皇甫川、孤山川、窟野河、秃尾河、佳芦河、无定河等流域，对比分析了河流粗泥沙含量和平均粒径年内变化规律及其空间差异。结果表明：软弱砂岩出露区的皇甫川流域，河流携带的粗泥沙含量及平均粒径与径流量年内变化趋势一致，软弱易蚀岩层出露面积比例越大，这一趋势就越明显；风沙区分布面积较大的秃尾河和无定河等流域，随着夏季水流侵蚀能力的增强，悬移质平均粒径并未明显增大，甚至降水集中和多暴雨的7—8月的平均粒径和粗泥沙含量小于冬季的，这些流域内基岩产沙对河流泥沙贡献不大，悬移质中的粗泥沙应主要来源于风沙。     

独立同分布检验法在水保分界年确定中的运用

运用水文统计的方法对河龙区间的5条典型支流三川河、皇甫川、窟野河、无定河、延河的年径流量、年输沙量资料序列进行了独立同分布检验.通过离差平方和的计算,确定一个分割点,使分割前后的2个样本序列不同分布,由此确定水土保持效益生效前后的分界年:三川河为1970年、皇甫川为1974年、无定河为1970年、窟野河为1979年,延河尚需通过统计其他指标来确定.     

黄河干流梯级开发构架与泥沙控制布局研究

大量实测资料分析表明,黄河流域主要的产沙区间为河口镇至潼关区间,黄河支流按入黄沙量大小排序为渭河、无定河、窟野河、北洛河、祖厉河、皇甫川、延河、清涧河、洮河、汾河等。对黄河干流36个梯级开发工程、13条主要来沙支流224座水库研究表明,干流龙羊峡、刘家峡、大柳树、碛口、古贤、三门峡、小浪底等七大骨干工程的总库容为944.97亿m3,总有效库容为472.26亿m3,拦沙库容为466.65亿m3,分别占36个梯级水库拦沙总库容的91%9、3%、90%。小浪底水库虽然具有巨大的拦沙库容,但是其上游水库或者未建、或者淤满、或者位于来沙区上游,因此其拦沙压力巨大,剩余拦沙年限仅10余年。小浪底水库淤满后,黄河泥沙将失去控制,会对黄河下游防洪构成危害。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水土保持减沙趋势分析

在1950～1997年长系列水文资料和面雨量资料的基础上，分析了黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间年输沙量和年降水量的时间变化趋势：1970年以来，在多沙粗沙区入黄泥沙量减少的总体背景之下，出现了1986～1997年间入黄泥沙量增加的近期趋势。这一增加趋势，与20世纪80年代以后淤地坝修建量大为减少，70年代修建的筑地坝与拦沙库已大部分失效有密切关系。此外，20世纪90年代人为增沙量大幅度增加，已占水土保持减沙量的22％左右，部分抵消了水土保持措施的减沙效益，这也是同期入黄泥沙增加的重要原因。因而得出的结论是：①要重视淤地坝的后续建设，实现其拦沙作用的可持续性；②造林种草措施不能代替淤地坝拦沙的作用；③新增水土流失问题不容忽视。     

黄河中游地区淤地坝减洪减沙及减蚀作用研究

本文对黄河中游河龙区间及泾河、北洛河、渭河流域淤地坝的减洪减沙及减蚀作用进行了深入地分析和研究。提出了淤地坝减洪量、拦泥量和减蚀量的计算方法；对淤地坝的减蚀量进行了分析和计算。分析研究结果表明：作为多沙粗沙区核心地区的河龙区间，1970～1996年淤地坝减洪减沙量分别占水土保持措施减洪减沙总量的59.3%和64.7%，其减洪减沙作用十分明显。1970～1996年，河龙区间及泾河、北洛河、渭河流域淤地坝年均减沙达1.138亿t，可为黄河下游减少淤积0.285亿t；可减少冲沙用水22.8亿m3；节约清淤费用85.5亿元。淤地坝建设的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益十分显著。为此，建议黄河中游黄土高原地区应以淤地坝建设为重点，全面推进水土保持生态建设。     

加快黄土高原地区淤地坝的建设

黄土高原地区水利水保措施对减少入黄径流，泥沙取得了显著作用，但在各支流流域面上的发展是不平衡的。为了减轻黄河下游河道的洪涝灾害，加强黄甫川，窟野河，孤山川三条支注的水土流失治理是重中之重。淤地坝工程在拦淤入黄泥沙中起着主力军的作用，近十年来因建设速度相对滞后，拦沙库容淤损等原因，拦沙效益逐渐减小，应提高对淤地坝拦沙作用的认识，采取“参与式流域治理”的机制，加快黄土高原地区淤地坝的建设。     

无定河流域综合治理减沙效益

本文概括总结了较大流域综合治理减沙效益的计算方法,估算了减沙效益的定量数值,并对影响减沙效益的因素进行了初步探讨. 无定河是黄河中游水土流失严重的一条较大支流.建国以来,采取大面积水土保持和坝库工程控制相结合的治理方法,取得显著成效.本文利用水文资料分析和水利、水土保持措施数量对减沙效益进行估算,截止1981年,坝库共拦沙18亿立米,其中1971～1980年平均每年减少入黄泥沙近1.6亿吨,扣除因降雨量减少对减沙效益的影响,流域内因综合治理减沙效益亦达50％以上.通过对流域内地处黄土丘陵沟壑区的大理河的典型分析表明,在各项治理措施的拦沙效益中,淤地坝最大。其次是水库,治坡措施拦沙效益较小.     

利用河流淤积物的特征确定1843年洪水来源区

黄河中游地表土壤的粒径和重矿物成分有一定的地区分布规律。在暴雨之后,洪水挟带大量地表冲刷物质进入河道。一部分泥沙淤积在沿河滩地上。在考证黄河1843年历史洪水时,就是利用该年洪水泥沙淤积物的颗粒组成、重矿物成分等特性,结合黄河中游暴雨洪水的发生规律论证了该年洪水是来源于陕北皇甫川、窟野河、无定河一带及泾河马连河、洛河     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。