梯形断面波浪形底板消力池自由水跃特性研究

应用动量方程推导了梯形断面波浪形底板消力池自由水跃的共轭水深计算公式,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面,模拟了三维梯形断面波浪形底板消力池自由水跃,辅以RNG(重整化群)湍流模型封闭时均流方程,选用有限体积法离散微分方程,使用压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法耦合求解速度与压力。模拟结果显示:梯形断面波浪形底板消力池中水跃的自由液面的形状、位置和水跃尺寸等模拟结果与实验值吻合较好;水跃区纵断面的流线、流速和紊动动能分布规律近似于矩形断面消力池,表明梯形断面波浪形底板消力池自由水跃的水力特性与矩形断面相似,并且矩形断面波浪形底板自由水跃的经验公式可以应用于梯形断面波浪形底板消力池的自由水跃。研究结果对消力池工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

陡坡后消力池内水跃的数值模拟

利用三维RNG k-ε紊流模型和体积率(VOF)跟踪自由水面的方法,对4种不同工况、相同坡角的陡坡后消力池内的水跃特性进行了数值模拟,并与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果表明,不同工况下消力池内水面线特征、流速和水跃长度与模型试验吻合较好,陡坡后消力池内淹没水跃长度大于自由临界水跃长度.同时,数值计算与试验结果均表明,陡坡后消力池内水跃长度不能按照平底矩形水跃长度计算公式进行计算,必须考虑淹没度的影响,从而有效避免陡坡后消力池设计中的不足.     

低弗汝德数闸后淹没水跃的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,对弗汝德数为3.19的淹没水跃进行了数值模拟。应用标准k-ε模型和RNG k-ε模型结合VOF(volume of fluid)自由表面跟踪技术,得到了淹没水跃自由表面位置、纵向速度、紊动能及速度矢量等变化情况。结合实验数据,详细对比研究了两种模型的模拟结果,分析了Fr=3.19淹没水跃的内部流场特性。研究表明RNG k-ε模型能更好的模拟低弗汝德数下淹没水跃的紊流结构,给出了2X/Y124为水跃发展区,并得出水跃产生的旋滚对紊动的产生和耗散起着重要作用。     

密排加糙床面消力池自由水跃跃长计算

水跃长度作为消力池设计的重要参数,对消力池安全稳定以及经济合理的影响效果显著。通过建立水跃区水体质点的运动方程,研究密排加糙床面消力池水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度的变化规律,提出了水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度计算的理论方法,并根据已有文献的试验数据对所推公式涉及的物理参数进行率定。计算研究结果表明,密排加糙床面消力池水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度均随跃前断面弗劳德数、跃前断面水深和水跃共轭水深比的增大而增大,随着床面当量粗糙高度的增加而减小。经验证发现,水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度的计算值与实测值接近。     

顺坡折坡水跃方程的评述与改进

推导顺坡水跃方程的两种基本假定，实质上都是水跃区水面线直线化的处理。在这样假定基础上，本文近似地视折坡水跃为tgθ的顺坡水跃，得到了试验资料[2]的验证。     

WCSPH方法模拟三角形底板水跃特性

使用弱可压光滑粒子动力学（weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics,WCSPH）方法,对弗劳德数Fr=1.68～6.08和不同波长与波高(S/t）之比的三角形波状底板上的水流流态、流速云图以及流速矢量图、共轭水深、消能率等水跃特性进行模拟研究。经对比分析：数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好;三角形波状底板表面会产生顺时针漩涡增加能量耗散,提高消能率,其水跃长度比光滑底板的小,且消能效果优于光滑底板。通过分析不同工况的水跃特性,确定了最佳三角形波状底板,其可使共轭水深和相对水跃长度分别降低14.15%和24.83%,而消能率比光滑底板提高48.52%。     

基于SPH法的正弦形消力池底板水跃现象数值模拟

利用光滑质点水动力学法(SPH方法)对正弦形消力池底板上的水跃现象进行数值建模,共模拟2种波形5种工况。将SPH方法的模拟值与已有文献的试验值作对比,验证数值模型及数值方法研究此类问题的可行性和适用性,并分析水面线、流速分布、跃长、共轭水深、消能率等水跃特性的变化规律。结果表明:SPH方法模拟结果与试验结果吻合度较高;水跃段流速分布不均匀、自由表面波动较大,且流层间存在相对运动从而形成旋滚,同等条件下随着弗劳德数的递增,掺气量和自由表面破碎现象越来越剧烈,旋滚的影响范围逐渐变大;正弦形底板消能率较光滑底板提高10%左右且所有工况消能率均在47%以上。     

加糙消力池共轭水深和水跃长度的试验分析

在总结国内外加糙消力池水力特性研究的基础上,给出密排加糙消力池的共轭水深和水跃长度的计算方法.根据W-S-Hughes等对密排加糙消力池共轭水深和水跃长度的试验资料,利用量纲和谐原理研究密排加糙消力池的水跃方程和水跃长度随弗劳德数、跃前断面水深、跃后断面水深和壁面粗糙度的变化规律.结果表明:密排加糙消力池的共轭水深随着跃前断面弗劳德数的增大而增大,随着壁面粗糙度的增大而减小;水跃长度也是跃前和跃后断面水深、跃前断面弗劳德数和壁面粗糙度的函数;水跃区的消能率随着壁面粗糙度的增加而增加.提出了密排加糙消力池共轭水深和水跃长度的计算式,并用其他学者已有试验资料验证了计算式的可靠性.     

波状床面消力池水跃特性试验分析

研究波状床面水跃共轭水深和水跃长度对于波状床面消力池的设计极为重要。根据已有文献关于波状床面消力池水跃特性的试验资料,分析波状床面消力池共轭水深、水跃旋滚长度、水跃长度和水跃区消能率随跃前断面弗劳德数、壁面粗糙高度、跃前断面和跃后断面水深的变化规律。给出了波状床面水跃跃后水深的半理论公式和水跃旋滚长度、水跃长度的拟合公式,并对其进行验证,水跃共轭水深的平均误差分别为4.5%和3.3%,水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度的平均误差分别为7.4%和5.9%。研究表明,水跃跃后水深和水跃长度不仅是跃前断面弗劳德数的函数,还是壁面粗糙高度的函数;波状床面消力池水跃区消能率远大于一般混凝土壁面消能率,在相同弗劳德数情况下水跃区消能率随着壁面粗糙高度的增加而增加。     

突扩式水跃跃长的计算公式推导与验证

水跃长度为突扩式消力池设计的重要参数,对消力池安全稳定以及经济合理的影响效果显著。通过建立水跃区水体质点的运动方程,研究突扩式消力池水跃跃长的变化规律。提出了突扩式水跃跃长的半理论公式,并用已有文献的实测数据对其进行验证。研究表明突扩式消力池水跃长度是跃前断面弗劳德数、跃前断面平均水深、水跃共轭水深比和消力池突扩比的函数,并随着跃前断面弗劳德数、跃前断面平均水深和水跃共轭水深比的增大而增大。结果显示,公式计算的突扩式水跃长度平均误差为4.32%,在5种体形共48组工况下只有5组工况的水跃长度相对误差>10%,且最大相对误差为-12.52%,其余工况下相对误差均<10%。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.