台阶式溢洪道中跌落水流的消能

本文通过对台阶式溢洪道跌落水流的试验研究建立了θ=19°时断面单位能量的经验公式,从断面单位能量和临界水跃跃后水深关系说明了跌落水流出现平衡的条件,并由试验证明了当坝高一定时台阶高度与台阶数量对溢洪道的消能率影响很小,其消能率仅是相对坝高Hdam/yc的函数的结论。     

波状床面消力池水跃特性试验分析

研究波状床面水跃共轭水深和水跃长度对于波状床面消力池的设计极为重要。根据已有文献关于波状床面消力池水跃特性的试验资料,分析波状床面消力池共轭水深、水跃旋滚长度、水跃长度和水跃区消能率随跃前断面弗劳德数、壁面粗糙高度、跃前断面和跃后断面水深的变化规律。给出了波状床面水跃跃后水深的半理论公式和水跃旋滚长度、水跃长度的拟合公式,并对其进行验证,水跃共轭水深的平均误差分别为4.5%和3.3%,水跃旋滚长度和水跃长度的平均误差分别为7.4%和5.9%。研究表明,水跃跃后水深和水跃长度不仅是跃前断面弗劳德数的函数,还是壁面粗糙高度的函数;波状床面消力池水跃区消能率远大于一般混凝土壁面消能率,在相同弗劳德数情况下水跃区消能率随着壁面粗糙高度的增加而增加。     

钢筋笼砌石与混凝土护坦水流特性对比试验研究

通过水工模型试验,研究了平原河道柔性钢筋笼砌石护坦及混凝土护坦2种结构下的消力池、海漫段的水流结构特性。从过流能力、过堰水流的水面线、水流形态、消力池及海漫段断面垂线流速、消能率等方面,对比分析了2种护坦型式下水力学要素的区别。试验结果表明:钢筋笼砌石柔性护坦较混凝土护坦而言,其过流能力略低于混凝土护坦,但从堰后水跃形态、水面线变化、消力池内垂向流速分布、消能率等方面均优于刚性混凝土护坦。采用柔性钢筋笼砌石护坦,可有效降低消力池内水流底层流速,从而可减缓水流对消力池底部的冲刷。     

某山区溢洪道流态优化和消能试验研究

某山地溢洪道入流角度过大,且水流受圆弧段弯道离心力的影响,溢洪道外侧水体壅高明显,严重影响下游的衔接消能。在不改变原平面布置情况下,采用物理模型试验方法对溢洪道进行了优化设计,上游入水口及弯道衔接段设导流墩,下游陡槽段采用台阶式溢洪道的防冲消能体形,并对水流流态及消能率等方面进行了试验研究。结果表明:上游进口段水流分布均匀,衔接段水面线明显降低,台阶段呈现稳定的滑行流。实测台阶式溢洪道消能效率达到了87%,消能效果良好,流态稳定。     

低坎分流墩用于低佛氏水流消能的试验研究

针对低佛氏数水流消能中存在的问题，提出了一种用于低佛氏数水流消能的新型消能工——低坎分流墩，并以左江水利枢纽的泄流条件为依据，进行二元水流试验研究，同时在整体水工模型上进行了典型流量的验证，结果表明：低坎分流墩能有效地将低Fr水流的摆动水跃转变为多轴游滚，能改善下游水流流态，降低水流底流速，抑制水流紊动，削减水面波浪，减轻对河床及岸边的冲刷，消能、防冲效果好。由于其省去了分流墩后的护坦，经济效果明显，适于推广应用。     

台阶式溢洪道滑行水流消能特性研究

台阶式溢洪道消能率无法详细反映其消能特性,为了突出反映台阶消能作用,从总消能水头中扣除光滑溢洪道原有消能水头得到纯台阶消能部分,计算了单位高度纯台阶消能率,以及台阶消能所占总消能的比重。结果表明:滑行水流的单位高度纯台阶消能率约为0.80%/m~0.83%/m,与单宽流量和台阶数目均无关,随台阶高度增大增幅为4.5%;纯台阶消能所占总消能比重随单宽流量增大而增加,随台阶数目增多而减小;此外,还对单宽流量增加时消能率下降的原因进行了探讨。结果分析表明:大单宽流量消能率下降是由于光滑溢洪道能作用降低而纯台阶消能不变导致的。     

带尾墩的新型综合消力池试验研究

消力池内常因消能不足而引起水流流态紊乱、临底流速大、出池后有二次水跃等问题。结合某待建水利工程,开展了带尾墩的新型综合消力池水流特征试验研究。通过对比原方案与9个优化方案,得到以下结论:在消力池尾坎上设置差动式尾墩后,下泄水流分多股支流进行纵向和横向扩散消能,水流流态稳定,消能率增大。消力池加深1 m、加宽4 m且增加差动式尾墩的消能方案消能效果明显,池内形成稳定淹没水跃,出池后二次水跃现象明显消除。     

水跃方程在波状水跃区的验证与应用

水跃是水流由急流状态过渡到缓流状态的一种急交流动现象.水跃段内流速分布急剧改组,水流紊动,混掺强烈,表面漩滚与底部主流之间质点不断交换,从而导致较大的能量损失.水利工程常利用水跃来消除泄水建筑物下游的巨大动能.如果将跃前断面的弗汝德数Fr_1能控制在4.5～9之间,这时的完全水跃为稳定水跃,水跃的消能率可达44%～70%,水跃稳定,跃后水面也比较平静.     

单侧渐扩消力池在低水头泄水闸消能中的应用研究

在表孔与底孔相结合设置的低水头泄水闸中,针对表孔水流的流速相对较小、底孔水流的流速过大等特点,为缩短跃长、提高消能率,基于Flow3D流体力学软件,采用RNG两方程紊流模型和VOF法追踪自由表面,以某工程泄水闸的消力池为例,对等宽矩形原方案和单侧渐扩优化方案的消能进行数值模拟,分析消力池内的压力分布、流场变化,提出单侧渐扩式消力池的特点及适用条件。结果表明:单侧渐扩消力池适用于表底泄流孔相结合的低水头泄水闸中,具有流速分布更均匀、缩短跃长、提高消能率的特点。     

新疆某水电站溢洪道台阶段水工模型试验研究

通过建立溢洪道物理模型,在台阶坡度恒定条件下,试验采用0.65、1.0和1.3 m三种台阶高度,研究不同水位下的消能效率、掺气状况及水流流态,研究表明:同一台阶消能率与单宽流量成反比,单宽流量越大,消能效果越差;对不同台阶高度,台阶高度越高,消能率也越大。增加掺气坎,可使水流充分掺气,水流流态良好,可保证台阶面安全可靠运行。     

Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)

The demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q₅₀ flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q₉₀ flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q₅₀ method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

台阶式溢流坝中小流量流态改善方式研究

台阶式溢流坝有显著的掺气效果和消能效果,目前在中小型工程中广泛应用。但是台阶式溢流坝在小流量浅水深的工况下,坝面上流态较差,呈现跌流或者过渡流态,容易形成水翅和水流跃离现象。为了解决上述问题,本文结合某工程通过水工模型试验研究对台阶起始端的体型进行优化,结果表明优化方案能够很好地改善较小流量时的过渡流态。     

AN APPROACH IN MODELING TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTIALLY CAVITATING FLOW

1. INTRODUCTIONCavitation is a phenomenon that widely occurs in liquids. When the flow leads to the local pressure below the saturation vapor pressure of water (the fluid medium, in our research), usually incipient cavitation firstly occurs on the solid b…     

中小型泄水工程利用附着混合流消能问题的探讨

本文介绍了混合流的概念，结合某一中型水库的试验，观测了混合流在抬高尾水时的下游流态。流速分布的变化规律以及对消能效果的影响。从而说明了低水头泄洪建筑物利用挑流消能有更多的可能性。     

Application of the ‘natural flow paradigm’ in a New Zealand context

The natural flow paradigm (NFP) emphasizes the need to partially or fully maintain or restore the range of natural intra‐ and interannual variation of hydrologic regimes to protect native biodiversity and the evolutionary potential of aquatic, riparian and wetland ecosystems. Based on our studies of natural and managed flow regimes in New Zealand, we do not believe that all components of the natural flow regime are necessary to achieve the objectives of the NFP, either partially or fully, because many aquatic species have very flexible niches and life‐history requirements (i.e. there is ‘ecological redundancy’). Obviously, maintaining the natural flow regime will maintain the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions necessary for sustaining natural ecosystems. However, if there is adequate knowledge of what ‘values’ need to be maintained in a waterway, and the aspects of the flow regime that are required to maintain those values are also known, then regimes can be designed that target these requirements and thus optimize conditions for the ‘values’. We believe that an assessment of ecosystem requirements using information on river processes together with habitat requirements and life‐history strategies of biota can achieve the best balance between resource use and sustaining ecosystem function and value, and show examples where changes to natural flow regimes have maintained, or even improved, instream values in some New Zealand rivers. We caution that simple flow‐based rules, such as those that might be developed under the NFP, could be unnecessarily restrictive on multiple use of water in New Zealand while, at the same time, preclude the opportunity for enhancement of key ecosystem values in many waterways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ON THE CALCULATION OF FLOW OVER AND THROUGH A ROCK-FILL DAM

1.INTRODUCTIONInthedesignofanovertoppedrock--filldam,oneofthemajortasksistodecidethesizeofthedownstreamprotection.Theovertoppedrock--filldamismadeofporousmedia,thereforethewaterwillpenetrateintothedamfromtheupperfaceandemergeoutofitfromthelowerpart,whileitflowsoverthedam.Hence,theprotectionissubjectedtotheactionofboththeoverflowandtheseepageflow,andneitherofthemcanbenegligible.Inthiscase,theflowfieldconsistsoftwoparts:theopenflowandtheseepageflow,whichhavedifferentproperties.Infact,forthe…     

直槽流动失稳过程数值模拟的可视化

本文利用计算机可视化的方法对直槽流动的数值模拟结果进行了处理，得到了若干组显示涡量场和涡管运动变化的计算机动画，通过对这些直观的动画进行分析，发现了直槽流动失稳的一些现象，对于流动稳定性的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

无旋流研究

本文将变分法和流网相结合,从理论上证明了无旋流条件下流量达到极大值,并总结出流量达到极大值时,下游流动的两种表现形式:临界流和均速流。文中给出了下游流动分别为临界流和均速流两种情况下的7个实例。在无旋流条件下,应用本文的结果可以进行如下两种情况的计算:(1)利用求极大值来求流量;(2)当流量已知时,如果下游流动为临界流,则可求水深及流速;如下游流动为均速流,则可求流速等。     

低含沙水流运动特性综述

本文着重综述了清水水流、挟沙水流的流速分布动特性、能量间分配关系等流动现象的内部规律，并系统分析比较了它们的异同，文中还兼论了卡门常数。