循环荷载下含裂缝缺陷的混凝土断裂特性试验研究

为研究含裂缝缺陷的混凝土在循环荷载作用下的断裂性能，利用ＭＴＳ试验机对带有预制裂缝 的混凝土三点弯曲梁试件进行了循环加载试验，获得了荷载－裂缝张口位移试验全曲线，据此得到了试 验曲线的包络线和共同点轨迹线，并计算了试件的断裂能和滞回环的耗散能。通过对循环加载试验声 发射信号的采集，分析了混凝土试件在该荷载历史下的声发射特性。结果表明:循环加载曲线的包络线 与单调加载曲线相吻合，且共同点轨迹线与包络线的形状相似；两种循环加载试验得到耗散能与循环次 数的曲线趋势相同，形状相似；循环加载试验中的声发射参数可以表征混凝土试件循环加载全过程的受 力状态，并呈现出明显的Ｆｅｌｉｃｉｔｙ效应。     

混凝土在循环荷载下变形特性及加载曲线包络线的研究

为研究混凝土在循环荷载下的变形特性,进行了2种不同应变速率下(10^-5/s,10^-4/s)混凝土轴向循环加卸载试验,对混凝土残余塑性应变与卸载点应变的关系及其共同点应变与卸载点应变的关系进行深入分析,并采用改进的Weibull统计模型对循环加卸载曲线的包络线进行拟合。研究结果表明混凝土在循环加卸载作用下应力应变曲线的包络线与单调荷载作用下的应力应变全曲线基本一致;改进后的Weibull统计模型能较好地拟合包络线。     

全级配混凝土轴拉应力-变形全曲线试验研究

全级配混凝土拉应力-变形全曲线是大坝非线性反应计算与极限抗震能力分析中的一个重要指标。本文利用先进的全数字化闭环控制大型材料试验机,采用位移控制的加载方式,对最大骨料粒径为150 mm的Ф450 mm×1 300 mm的圆柱体试件进行轴向拉伸试验,研究应变率约为10-7s-1时混凝土试件测距内的受拉变形随拉应力变化的全过程曲线。达到峰值荷载后,在不同的应力水平下对试件进行往复多次加、卸载,研究全级配混凝土软化段加、卸载曲线的特点。拟合全级配混凝土轴拉应力-变形全曲线及加、卸载曲线的计算式,为数值分析中大坝混凝土模型的建立提供可参考的试验依据。     

动荷载下混凝土强度变形特性及其试验方法的研究

根据大量的试验数据，提出了不同加载速率对混凝土的抗拉强度，受拉弹性模量，泊松比，峰值应变和应力一应变全曲线的影响规律，探讨了强度的尺寸效应和骨料粒径效应的速率敏感性，同时进行了受拉的周期循环荷载试验，给出了滞回曲线表达式，最后对动荷载下混凝土受拉试验方法进行了评价。     

单轴循环受拉条件下SP-HFRC力学性能试验研究

通过对21个钢－聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土（ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ）试件进行单轴循环受拉试验，研究ＳＰＨＦＲＣ在循环受拉条件下的力学行为变化规律。重点分析混杂纤维体积掺量及长径比对应力－应变全曲线、累积塑性应变、刚度退化、应力退化的影响。结果表明:混杂纤维具有逐级阻裂作用使得ＳＰＨＦＲＣ试件呈现明显延性破坏特征；应力－应变全曲线卸载点应变与塑性应变呈线性关系；ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ刚度退化过程随钢纤维体积掺量和长径比增加而减缓，受聚丙烯纤维体积掺量的影响不明显；纤维对应力退化率的影响不明显。在试验结果和相关文献试验数据的基础上，建立了ＳＰ－ＨＦＲＣ单轴循环受拉应力－应变全曲线方程，可用于结构非线性和滞回性能等的分析。     

荷载水平对长期加载作用下混凝土剩余承载力的影响

为了研究荷载水平对长期加载作用下混凝土的剩余承载力的影响，对混凝土预制缺口梁首先施加６０％和８０％极限荷载并进行持续６个月和１２个月加载。长期加载试验结束后，一部分混凝土梁从加载架取出并且在静载条件下加载到破坏。而另外一部分混凝土梁进行更高荷载水平的持载试验。在试验过程中得到混凝土梁加载点位移随时间的变化曲线以及静载条件下的荷载－位移曲线。根据试验结果可以得到长期加载作用后混凝土的起裂荷载、剩余承载力以及断裂能。结果表明，长期荷载作用后，混凝土的起裂荷载和剩余承载力有明显的提高。且荷载水平越高，徐变后混凝土剩余承载力越大。长期荷载作用对混凝土断裂能没有影响。此外，８０％极限荷载持续加载１２个月后的混凝土时间在伴随试件极限荷载的持续加载作用下仍然可以在一段时间内保持稳定不发生破坏。     

循环荷载后围压水对混凝土力学特性影响

对不同围压(0, 2, 5, 10 MPa)下的水饱和混凝土试件,历经25次循环荷载作用后(荷载下限140 kN,上限260 kN,频率0.1 Hz),进行了不同加载速率(地震荷载作用下的混凝土应变速率响应范围10-5/s~10-2/s)下的静动态常三轴抗压性能试验。分析了混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变以及损伤特性。结果表明:历经循环荷载后,随着加载速率的增加,混凝土峰值应力增大,峰值应变整体上逐渐增大,损伤变量D增长速度减缓;随着围压增加,混凝土峰值应力和峰值应变逐渐增大,损伤变量D增长速度降低,但损伤极限差值越来越大。基于上述试验结果,得到了历经荷载循环后混凝土动态峰值应力与围压、加载速率有关的经验计算式及历经荷载循环后混凝土动态峰值应变与围压、加载速率有关的经验式。     

变幅循环荷载作用下混凝土的单轴拉伸特性

在MTS318电液伺服万能试验机上对76个哑铃形试件进行了变幅循环荷载作用下混凝土的单轴动态拉伸试验，系统地研究了初始静载、循环频率、循环增幅对混凝土动态强度以及变形特性的影响。研究结果表明，在地震作用的频率范围内变幅循环荷载作用下混凝土的动强度主要取决于每一循环内最高加载速率时的动强度，循环增幅的影响相对较小。随着初始静态荷载的增加，混凝土的动态强度趋于减小。随着循环数的增加，混凝土内产生的不可恢复的永久变形幅度也随之增加。     

循环加载条件下土的应力路径本构模型

土的应力应变关系与应力路径密切相关，充分接近的两条加载路径所产生的变形基本相同，因此可将任意应力路径转化为与其充分接近且易于计算变形的应力路径，从而获得变形。在此基础上，本文通过定义两个应力状态的参量，分别描述等应力比循环加载和等平均应力循环加载条件下土的塑性变形规律，以及两者的相互影响，并给出一个新的加卸载准则，在不增加任何土性参数的条件下，将现有的土的应力路径本构模型扩展应用于循环加载条件，建立了循环加载条件下土的应力路径本构模型。通过与试验结果的比较表明，本文提出的循环加载模型可较合理地反映土在往复荷载作用下的变形特性。模型简单易用，只含5个土性参数，并具有明确的物理意义。     

混凝土轴拉弹模衰减规律及损伤模型试验研究

为研究混凝土轴拉弹模衰减规律,采用循环加载的试验方法,获得混凝土轴拉应力~应变全曲线,并对试验过程中的弹模衰减现象进行描述,拟合弹模衰减的演化曲线。根据弹模损伤定义,建立损伤模型进行试验研究,进而结合应力~应变全曲线,得到混凝土轴拉损伤演化方程,建立了以弹模定义损伤变量的试验确定方法。所得成果为混凝土损伤过程研究提供参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。