交直流并联系统的换流母线电压稳定性分析

随着中国交直流互联电网的发展,迫切需要研究换流母线的电压稳定问题。文中首先给出了交直流并联系统的简单模型,在此基础上介绍了并联交流系统强度指标以及负荷裕度曲线和电压稳定临界曲线。然后以两区域四机交直流混合系统为例,根据负荷导纳模型算法准确求取节点的功率裕度,采用上述2种曲线分析方法详细讨论并联交流系统强度和受端系统等值阻抗对逆变站换流母线电压稳定性的影响。最后对比分析了不同直流系统稳态控制方式下换流母线的负荷裕度,研究结果表明受端为弱交流系统时,采用整流侧定电流 — 逆变侧定电压的控制方式将有利于提高系统稳定性。     

计及感应电动机的负荷节点暂态电压稳定解析评估方法

不利的负荷特性是引起暂态电压稳定问题的主要原因之一,然而目前尚缺乏用来评估负荷节点暂态电压稳定状况的有效方法。针对3阶感应电动机负荷,给出了一种解析方法。通过把负荷节点及其外部系统等效为2节点简化系统,能够计算出各负荷母线在简化系统中的极限切除时间。所获取的极限切除时间指标反映了各负荷节点的暂态电压稳定状况,从而为动态安全评估提供了有效的信息。在多节点系统中的仿真结果验证了所述方法的有效性。     

三相重合时序对暂态电压稳定性的影响

发现合于永久故障时三相重合闸时序对系统暂态电压稳定性有较大影响,以单负荷无穷大系统为例探讨其机理。分别在恒阻抗、恒电流和恒功率3种静态负荷模型以及感应电动机动态负荷模型下,考虑故障点位置变化,推导出交流线路从发生三相短路至三相断路器跳闸、三相重合于永久故障直到后加速三跳的整个过程中,负荷侧母线电压的解析表达式。通过比较2种重合时序下的负荷侧母线电压发现,在恒阻抗、恒电流及动态负荷模型下,由远离负荷的线路首端重合,可增大负荷侧母线电压,动态负荷模型下还可减小保护再次跳闸时的电动机转差率,有利于提高系统暂态电压稳定性;而在恒功率负荷模型下,重合时序受故障位置影响,推导出了影响重合时序的故障距离解析式。鉴于实际系统中运行方式变化,提出了离线计算与在线结合的实用三相重合时序整定策略,以提高系统暂态电压稳定性。对单负荷无穷大系统和2010年南方电网的仿真结果验证了其正确性和有效性。     

用于分布式能源并网的DC/DC换流器设计与研究

针对目前应用于直流配电网领域的DC/DC换流器造价高、控制复杂以及不具备直流短路故障穿越能力的缺点，为了实现不同电压等级直流分布式负荷有效接入直流配电网，提出了一种混合DC/DC换流器拓扑，采用电流源换流器(current source converter, CSC)连接直流电网，电压源换流器(voltage source converter, VSC)连接直流分布式负荷。提出的换流器拓扑具有结构简单、控制方式灵活以及具备直流短路故障穿越能力的优点。在分析换流器数学模型和运行约束条件的基础上，给出了换流器的参数设计方法，提出了一种CSC侧功率闭环控制，VSC侧交流电压幅值闭环控制的DC/DC换流器闭环控制策略。最后，在RTDS半实物仿真平台上搭建了1 MW/2 000 V/750 V混合DC/DC换流器试验模型，开展了额定运行工况、功率变化工况和直流短路工况试验。额定运行工况试验结果表明提出的拓扑可以实现1 MW额定功率的运行，功率变化工况试验结果表明提出的拓扑可以实现功率由1 MW到-1 MW的平滑反转，直流短路工况试验结果表明换流器能够平稳穿越直流短路故障。     

基于负荷模糊聚类的电压稳定概率评估

在对研究时段内多个负荷水平进行模糊C均值聚类的基础上，采用多维正态分布抽样技术，提出了一种同时计及节点负荷相关性和负荷预测不确定性的电压稳定概率评估方法。通过对负荷样本多次抽样后进行连续潮流计算及模态分析，可以获得系统功率极值、母线与支路参与因子的统计信息，以及系统在给定负荷水平下电压失稳的概率，从概率角度指出具有潜在电压稳定问题的区域，实现对系统电压稳定性的概率评估。通过对IEEE 57节点系统进行分析计算，验证了算法的可行性和有效性，并就模糊聚类数、负荷预测不确定性和节点负荷相关性对电压稳定评估结果的影响进行了比较和分析。     

含分布式电源的配电网供电恢复的多代理方法

针对含分布式电源的配电系统，特别在考虑了由分布式电源和负荷组成微网运行的情况下，建立了以恢复负荷最多、开关操作数最少为目标的供电恢复模型。在提出配网调度中心、微网、分布式电源三者的分层协调控制策略的基础上，应用多代理理论，建立了一个由全系统控制协调代理（CAG）、微网控制代理（MGAG）、分布式电源代理（DGAG）以及母线代理（BAG）组成的多代理系统，在保证配电网辐射状运行、满足配电网电压与电流及馈线容量等约束条件的情况下进行供电恢复。通过分析一个含2个变电站、14条母线和4个分布式电源的配电系统的单重及多重故障供电恢复问题验证了该方法的有效性。     

配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划

在配电网中合理规划分布式发电（DG）对充分发挥DG的效益、抑制DG的负面影响具有重要意义。文中研究了配电系统中DG位置和容量规划问题，建立了考虑经济性和安全性的DG规划多目标模糊优化模型。目标函数由DG投资成本最小、系统网损最小和静态电压稳定裕度最大 3个优化子目标组成，应用模糊理论将多目标规划转化为单目标规划问题。在模型中计及了短路电流约束，对配电网中计及DG影响的故障计算原理进行了分析。考虑到DG出力具有一定的间歇特点，模型中增加了系统的旋转备用约束，保证任意一台DG退出时，系统具有足够的功率来满足负荷要求。在43节点配电系统中进行了测试，表明了文中方法的可行性。     

苏布雷水电站直流系统设计

苏布雷水电站直流系统选用镉镍蓄电池,采用无端电池设计方案,分设动力母线和控制母线,通过选择合适的电池只数和充电电压值,以及设置硅堆降压装置,把母线电压控制在允许范围内,以满足供货设备的电压运行和主合同条款要求,为负荷设备的安全稳定运行提供了可靠电源,可供类似工程借鉴。     

电力系统实用动态安全域的降维与还原

提出了一种在注入功率空间中求取电力系统实用动态安全域（PDSR）的超平面形式的临界稳定边界的新方法。通过对电力系统进行数值仿真搜索到大量临界点，并通过最小二乘法拟合得到临界超平面的方法精确但费时，难以实际应用。为了在重要的预想事故下快速、准确地求取电力系统的临界超平面，文中提出首先将高维的电力系统通过基于相关的动态等值化简为低维的等值系统，再对其进行数值仿真，拟合出等值系统的临界超平面，然后根据动态等值逆过程推导出超平面还原的解析表达式，最后修正还原得到超平面的系数,使所得到的超平面通过一个由对原系统的详细模型进行仿真得到的临界点，可以在一定程度上改善临界超平面的精度。算例结果证明这种方法兼顾了临界超平面求取的速度与精度，使PDSR在实时安全性分析中的应用更易实现。     

电网短路时交流励磁风电机组网侧变换器控制策略

电网短路故障时交流励磁用双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器应提供足够的励磁电压实现交流励磁发电机的不间断运行，要求双PWM变换器直流链电压在故障时波动较小。分析并提出一种电网短路故障时交流励磁风电机组电网侧变换器的控制策略，该方案在电压跌落时仅利用电流内环控制电网侧变换器，并于电压正常时采用带前馈的双闭环电压控制策略控制电网侧变换器。通过仿真验证了所提出的方案在电网短路故障发生和切除时稳定控制直流链电压的有效性，为故障过程发电机不脱网励磁控制奠定了基础，同时该方案也能有效保护直流侧电容及提高系统的稳定性。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.