永定河流域水生态补偿标准研究

生态补偿是用水竞争激烈的流域遏制水环境恶化趋势,实现向可持续开发利用转变的重要手段。生态补偿标准的核算是实施生态补偿的关键环节。针对流域水生态补偿实施中的不足,借鉴国内外在理论体系、管理体制、运行机制相关层面的研究成果,构建了完善补偿标准的理论框架。以永定河流域为研究对象,给出了流域水生态补偿标准的实施依据。并根据水量水质不可分割特性,给出了跨区域的水量、水质补偿标准测算方法,探讨了基于污染物处理水平的补偿标准计算过程。最后针对补偿标准测算中出现的问题,给出了完善流域水生生态补偿机制的建议。     

永定河流域生态补偿标准研究

结合流域生态补偿研究中忽略水质功效、生态价值计算方法缺少系统性的不足,本文给出基于水量水质模拟、水生态价值核算的流域生态补偿标准测算框架,并以水量水质功效的不可分割性为基础,给出永定河跨界断面补偿标准。上游山西省、河北省在下泄水量不足、入河污染物浓度及总量超标的情况下,应向下游北京给予水量、水质赔偿10762、19055万元。借鉴永定河流域生境及物种的多元化、不同水域相关功能属性的差异性,本文从河流生态系统、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统层面考虑,借助投入产出对应关系确定受益补偿标准为150亿元。以限制发展机会成本、水源涵养损失机会成本为依据,给出流域生态受损补偿标准为16亿元。结合应用成果,探讨了生态补偿标准完善策略。     

永定河流域生态补偿标准研究

考虑过去流域生态补偿研究中具有忽略水质功效、生态价值计算方法缺少系统性的不足,本文总结出基于水量水质模拟、水生态价值核算的流域生态补偿标准测算框架,并以水量水质功效的不可分割性为基础,得到了永定河跨界断面补偿标准。借鉴永定河流域生境及物种的多元化、不同水域相关功能属性的差异性,从河流生态系统、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统层面考虑,借助投入产出对应关系确定受益补偿标准为150亿元。以限制发展机会成本、水源涵养损失机会成本为依据,得到流域生态受损补偿标准为16亿元。最后结合应用成果,探讨了生态补偿标准完善策略。     

南水北调中线工程河南水源区生态补偿标准研究

建立健全生态补偿机制是协调流域生态保护与经济社会协同发展的有效途径，补偿标准是生态补偿机制建立的核心要素。从水质水量双视角出发构建水源区生态补偿标准测算模型，以南水北调中线工程河南水源区为例进行生态补偿量测算，并对受水区各省市生态补偿量进行了分摊测算。结果表明：河南水源区对受水区水质产生正外部性影响，从水质角度受水区应向河南水源区补偿2 667.89万元；河南水源区为受水区的经济社会发展提供水资源支撑，从水量角度受水区应向河南水源区补偿21 719.55万元；以受水区用水比例和经济发展水平为权重对总补偿额24 387.43万元进行生态补偿量分摊测算，北京、天津、河北和河南分别应承担补偿量为4 755.55万、2 560.68万、7 682.04万、9 389.16万元。     

流域生态补偿标准核算方法比较

根据我国流域生态补偿实践的3种类型,即跨界流域生态补偿、跨界流域污染赔偿与水源地保护生态补偿,将我国流域生态补偿标准核算方法总结为跨界断面水质水量生态补偿和水源地保护的生态补偿2种方法。通过对已有实践和研究方法的总结,分析各种核算方法的内涵和特征,认为跨界断面水质水量生态补偿标准核算方法适用于水体污染严重和跨界影响问题突出、上下游经济发展差距不大的流域,水源地保护的生态补偿标准核算方法适用于上下游经济发展水平差距较大的水源地区域。     

湘江流域推行生态补偿

<正>湖南省近日出台《湘江流域生态补偿(水质水量奖罚)暂行办法》(以下简称《办法》)。根据《办法》,湖南省将在对湘江流域上游水源地区给予重点生态功能区转移支付财力补偿的基础上,遵循按绩效奖罚原则,对湘江流域跨市、县断面进行水质、水量目标考核奖罚。《办法》规定,根据跨市、县湘江流域断面水质、水量监测考核结果,按水质目标考核奖罚、水质动态考核、最小流量限制,对流域所在的市、县进行奖罚。某地所有出境考核断面全部考核因子达到Ⅱ类标准的,给予适当奖励;达到Ⅰ类标准的,给予重点奖励。     

流域水资源共建共享理念与测算方法

流域生态补偿在标准测算方法和跨区域补偿等问题上存在不足,本文根据流域水资源共建共享理念,提出了基于共建共享的水资源效益分享和成本分摊测算方法。以跨皖浙两省的新安江流域为例,界定了流域水资源共建区与共享区的范围,核算2006年水资源保护投入共4.88亿元,进而按照受益者分享的水资源效益比例对保护投入进行了分摊。分析了测算结果的合理性,由于水资源具有国民经济效益和生态环境效益,需要实施政府补偿与市场补偿相结合的补偿方式,逐步探索建立和完善全流域水资源保护基金及其使用管理制度。     

河北省水生态经济性补偿方法及措施探讨

河北省水资源供需矛盾十分突出,由于生态补偿机制不健全,水源地保护区出现保护动力不足、保护措施不力的情况。针对这种情况,提出了对水源地保护区进行生态经济性补偿以促进生态质量、提高水质水量的建议。提出了生态补偿的理论依据,并对生态补偿的标准计算方法、补偿方式和实施措施进行了阐述。     

基于水资源价值流的跨多区域横向生态补偿标准研究

流域生态补偿对弥补区域间水资源保护外部效应,协调各区域可持续发展具有重要意义。我国正在加快推进跨区域横向补偿机制,如何合理测算各区域间生态补偿标准是主要难点和关键问题。本文建立基于水资源价值流的跨多区域横向生态补偿标准测算模型,建立水资源保护产生价值的运移传递关系矩阵,计算多区域间的补偿标准,并应用于东江流域,对东江流域各区域逐级进行生态补偿标准测算。利用2017年统计数据进行计算,得到作为补偿对象的赣州和河源应获得的生态补偿量分别为6.67亿元、15.61亿元,下游惠州、东莞、深圳、广州和香港应承担的生态补偿量分别为4.89亿元、6.87亿元、4.18亿元、3.03亿元和3.30亿元,可为确定流域内跨多区域的生态补偿标准提供支撑。     

陕南汉江流域生态补偿的定量标准化初探

分析生态补偿理论及生态补偿标准的理论基础,探讨生态建设区的总成本计算方法,根据上游水资源特点与水资源保护的投入,建立了陕南汉江流域受益区对上游地区生态建设与保护总成本补偿计算模型,提出直接成本及间接成本的计算方法,并对修正因素中的水量分摊系数、水质修正系数和效益修正系数的赋值方法进行了说明。最后,以汉江流域生态补偿服务区补偿标准的计算为例,得出受益区年补偿额为71.13亿元。结果表明,该模型对生态补偿标准的制定有一定的参考价值。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．