蛇纹石-黏土复合颗粒除氟的动态实验研究

为研究蛇纹石-黏土复合颗粒的除氟性能,采用室内动态实验探讨了复合颗粒在不同氟离子浓度、不同吸附柱高度和不同流速下对含氟水除氟效果的影响及其吸附动力学过程.试验结果表明:吸附剂的动态吸附容量与吸附剂高度、原水氟离子浓度呈正相关,而与进水流速呈负相关;吸附剂传质区长度与进水流速、吸附剂高度及原水氟离子浓度均呈正相关.吸附动力学拟合结果显示:蛇纹石-黏土复合颗粒对水中氟的吸附动力学符合Yoon and Nelson方程,平衡吸附容量与吸附剂高度呈正相关,与进水流速呈负相关.随着初始氟离子浓度的增加,到达吸附平衡时间缩短,吸附容量逐渐增大.     

改性陶土颗粒吸附砷的实验研究

以赤玉土为骨料烧制陶土材料,经FeCl3溶液浸渍及热处理改性后制备成新型的改性陶土颗粒吸附剂,对其表面特征及除砷性能进行初步研究:BET测定得出该吸附剂比表面积为36.493m2/g,孔容量为0.070mL/g;SEM EDX显示吸附剂表面有大量铁、氧元素分布;对比该吸附剂和HCl溶液改性吸附剂表面的微观数码照片及3D影像图,表明该吸附剂表面存在大量铁氧化物;该吸附剂在中性pH范围内有良好吸附除砷能力,共存的氟离子、磷酸根离子对除砷效果有不同程度的竞争影响,碳酸根离子对除砷效果无显著影响;Freundlich等温线方程能较好地拟合As(V)的吸附过程(R2=0.9927),吸附平衡时的饱和吸附容量可达43.491mg/g。低成本高效的改性陶土颗粒应用于实际的砷吸附处理,具有较好的应用前景。     

矿石黏土类物质、铁锆化合物对磷吸附影响因素研究进展

介绍了水中含磷的危害及通过比较选择吸附法作为一种高效、低能耗的除磷方法,吸附剂及其特点和金属类氧化物、黏土矿石类、活性炭吸附材料的吸附原理。详细阐述了反应温度、反应时间、反应pH值、共存离子对矿石黏土类物质和铁锆化合物吸磷过程的影响:反应温度主要通过影响分子热运动从而影响到吸附材料吸磷效果;对任何吸附材料吸磷都需要一定的反应时间来达到最佳效果;反应pH值主要通过影响溶液中离子浓度、种类及吸附材料表面所含的离子与其反应从而影响到吸附材料吸磷效果;共存离子的存在可能会提高库仑力和磷酸盐活性部位竞争力。同时也阐述了吸附剂用量、磷的初始浓度、电解质、吸附材料粒径对吸磷效果的影响。今后对吸附磷材料的研究应重点关注改性材料及复合材料。     

改性沸石去除污染水体中磷的实验研究

用沸石做载体,将六水氯化铁负载其上,进行除磷的实验研究。通过正交试验优化了改性工艺,在沸石与FeCl3.6H2O的质量比为8∶2,煅烧温度300℃,煅烧时间4 h时,去除效果最好。探讨了沸石用量、吸附时间、溶液的pH值、溶液初始浓度对改性沸石除磷效果的影响。实验表明:此吸附剂对于模拟含磷废水具有较好的去除性能,当模拟含磷废水的浓度为5 mg/L、时间2 h,用量为10 g/L,pH为7左右,其去除率达到了80%以上。本实验研究对于富营养化水体的治理具有一定的参考价值。     

河北省清河县高氟地下水处理的试验研究

针对河北省清河县高氟地下水的高p H值（8.3）、高氟浓度（3.6 mg/L）的水质特点,以新型高效Fe-Al-Ce除氟吸附剂为核心,设计了含预处理、活性炭吸附和超滤单元的小型吸附装置用于家庭终端高氟水的处理。在清河高氟原水现场,对不同空间流速（SV）和不同运行方式条件下的Fe-Al-Ce吸附剂除氟性能和装置出水安全性进行了研究评价。结果表明,在SV=1 h-1条件下,装置运行效果良好,Fe-Al-Ce吸附剂除氟穿透吸附容量为活性氧化铝的3倍以上,装置出水的金属浓度符合标准要求,超滤单元对微生物有截留作用,但其微生物安全性还需进一步提高。     

纳米铁/活性炭新型材料的制备及其对铜离子的吸附性能研究

以活性炭为载体,采用沉淀法制备纳米铁/活性炭新型材料,对活性炭的结构变化进行BET和TEM表征分析,研究纳米铁负载前后活性炭对水中铜离子的吸附能力以及p H值、起始浓度、吸附时间等因素对吸附性能的影响,同时考察其再生性能。结果表明:纳米铁成功负载于活性炭上,随着p H值的增加,吸附容量逐渐增大,当p H=6时,纳米铁/活性炭的最大吸附量为18.73 mg/g,与活性炭相比提高了150%。新型材料对铜离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型,对铜离子的吸附量随时间变化的规律符合准二级动力学模型,由于负载的纳米铁阻碍了铜离子向材料表面扩散,其吸附速率仅为0.002 g/(mg·min),与活性炭相比下降了60%左右。新型材料再生效率高,具有较好的应用前景。     

纳米零价铁/活性炭复合材料去除水中六氯苯的影响因素研究

本文主要研究纳米零价铁/活性炭材料对水中六氯苯(HCB)的去除能力和影响因素。吸附等温研究结果表明该材料对六氯苯的去除符合Langmuir吸附即化学吸附机理。对水中六氯苯和脱氯产物的分析证明纳米零价铁/活性炭对六氯苯的去除包括吸附和脱氯。溶液p H,水中常见阴阳离子的存在等因素都会影响六氯苯去除。低p H对去除有利,这主要是由于低p H对纳米零价铁的氧化过程有利,导致脱氯反应加快。低浓度的HCO-3、Cl-和SO42-能促进六氯苯的去除。这些离子在低浓度时能加快零价铁的腐蚀,对六氯苯的去除有利。而高浓度时则由于铁氧化物沉积会产生抑制作用。NO-3则与六氯苯发生竞争反应,导致六氯苯的去除随硝酸盐的浓度增加而降低。常见的阳离子如Mg2+对六氯苯的去除没有影响。Cu2+和Fe2+的存在不仅改变了溶液的p H,还对纳米零价铁的氧化还原特性有影响。但总体而言,Cu2+和Fe2+的存在对六氯苯的去除是有利的。     

无定形氢氧化铝吸附剂的制备及其除氟性能研究

降氟措施对高氟地下水地区居民饮用水安全具有重要意义。吸附法除氟技术被广泛应用,但仍存在适宜于偏酸性环境等难点。以提高适应高氟地下水pH值的能力为目标,通过控制反应过程中pH值制备无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料,开展吸附等温线试验、吸附动力学试验、pH值适应性试验、竞争离子试验、可重复利用性能试验和吸附机理试验。试验结果表明无定形氢氧化铝对氟离子的吸附属于优惠型吸附,Langmuir最大吸附容量为166.67 mg/g。与传统Al_2O_3吸附材料相比,在pH值为7.0~9.0时,无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料可减缓除氟效果下降速率,提高了适应地下水pH值的能力。氟去除率随着溶液中HCO_3~-、CO_2-3、PO_4~(3-)等离子浓度升高而降低。在初始氟浓度为5.00 mg/L时,可重复利用5个周期。因此,改进铝型吸附材料制备过程可显著提高吸附性能和适应高氟地下水的能力,是今后研制和改进吸附材料的重要方向。     

Mg-Fe-Ce复合金属氧化物对饮用水中氟离子的吸附特性研究

我国高氟水分布广泛,危害严重,饮用水除氟是一项亟待解决的任务,寻求除氟效率高、经济实用的吸附材料具有重大意义。研究制备了Mg-Fe-Ce复合金属氧化物吸附材料,考察评价了该吸附剂的除氟吸附速率和吸附等温线,分析了p H值和共存阴离子对除氟吸附性能的影响。结果表明,Mg-Fe-Ce复合金属氧化物最佳适用p H值范围为偏酸性,PO43-和F-存在竞争吸附,但在中性p H值和水中常见阴离子共存条件下,仍表现了较好的除氟吸附性能,有利于其在实际高氟地下水处理中的应用。     

含铁矿物吸附剂除磷机理研究及中试应用

研究了含铁矿物吸附剂吸附含磷废水的各项性能,通过静态试验得出此吸附剂的最佳吸附条件,并以此为依据进行了动态小试试验和中试试验。结果表明,含铁矿物吸附剂的吸附平衡时间为45h,吸附等温线较符合Freundlich方程,pH约为5时吸附量达到最大,除铁离子和铝离子外,水体中无机阴离子和阳离子对磷酸盐的吸附影响不大。用1mol/L的NaOH溶液对饱和吸附剂解吸再生,解吸率达到90%以上。在合适的填充体积和进水流速下,含铁矿物吸附剂连续吸附除磷可以达到良好的效果,中试试验装置连续运行了约105d,出水TP达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)(Ⅲ类湖、库)要求。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.