基于MIKE BASIN的水库供水 调度模型构建

以永定河官厅山峡区间为研究对象,建立了综合考虑水电站经济效益和河道生态需水的 MIKE BASIN供水调度模型,并进行了优化求解。得到的官厅山峡电站最优供水调度计划,能够满足 50%以上生态基流量,维持泥沙运移平衡,水质l类以上,河流景观恢复,物种生境繁衍。     

A novel SON2‐based similarity index and its application for the rationalization of river water quality monitoring network

In this paper, a novel self‐organizing network (SON) based similarity index and its application for the optimization of sampling locations in an existing river water quality monitoring network (WQMN) is presented. A rationalization of the River Danube WQMN on its stretch through Serbia was performed using the proposed SON²‐based similarity index. A high‐dimensional dataset was used, which is composed of 18 water quality parameters that were collected during the period 2002–2010 at 17 monitoring locations. The SON‐based seasonal classification that divides 12 months into the cold, moderate, and warm seasons was employed, whereas its second application on each seasonal class yielded subclasses that were used to compare the monitoring locations. The obtained SON²‐based similarity index can be utilized for analysing seasonal variations, as well as overall similarities among neighbouring sites. Based on the calculated similarities of locations and characteristics of the River Danube basin a rationalized WQMN, which uses 30% less monitoring sites, has been proposed.     

Public participation to improve water resource management in Uzbekistan.

At present Uzbekistan uses about 42 km3 of transboundary river flow and 27 km3 of this is from the Amu Darya. Annual average flow entering the upper reaches of Amu Darya within Uzbekistan is over 60 x 10(9) m3, which is already contaminated, but significant adverse water quality changes occur downstream where the river is the main source of drinking water. After independence Uzbekistan made a commitment to transfer management of farms and the rural economy from the public sector to private hands. Living conditions have deteriorated severely throughout Uzbekistan, but rural areas have been hit hardest. Several studies and projects in Uzbekistan have adopted the integrated water management-based environmental approach. A structured public participation and consultation process was followed during these projects including a social and the environmental assessment. This paper presents the two case studies to illustrate the effects of uniting the potential of all interested participants to improve water management and environmental safety. Consultation between the two main groups of stakeholders is essential for the future of the water sector. There is substantial support for WUAs among all stakeholders, at all levels, including among those stakeholders who currently manage the existing system.     

Operationalizing the allocation of environmental flows: A U.K. perspective on Baxter's Schedule

Early attempts to gauge streams were used by George Baxter in 1961 to propose a pioneering scheme for deriving and allocating water for what today may be recognized as environmental flows in the United Kingdom, but the approach was not accepted into practice. A fundamental concern was the quality of river flow data. Stream gauging was advanced by the 1963 Water Resources Act, and prior to this, the allocation of water resources to compensation flows below dams was based on the basic principle of one third of the reliable yield, estimated using rainfall data. Despite the increased availability of river flow data since the 1970s, it is suggested that low‐flow data quality has severely constrained the management and allocation of water resources and remains so today. Today, pressures and demands on water resources are increasing, but the accuracy of low‐flow measurement is still hindering the operational determination and implementation of environmentally robust, seasonally variable environmental flows. Successful river regulation and restoration relate to a complex suite of public policy questions and given uncertainty over the quality of low‐flow data, transparent, pragmatic decisions about societal allocations of water need to be made.     

Sustaining Subernarekha river basin

Subernarekha is an interstate river passing through the Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. The Subernarekha River basin is marked by conflicts among the alternative uses of water because of the inadequacy of the total water supply. An increase in water supply and improvement in water quality is felt to be necessary given the water scarcity in this region and because of widespread and extreme poverty. This was the precise objective of the multipurpose project started in the river basin in 1982–83. However, an attempt at simultaneous implementation of all project components has greatly reduced the benefits of the project. The project has also had some adverse consequences for the coastal environment and the quality of water. A careful study of the project and the institutions and policy relating to water lead to some suggestions. First, there is a need to check the over consumption of water through cost‐related pricing and greater efficiency in the collection of water charges. Second, the adoption of a project‐based engineering approach should be replaced by a comprehensive integrated management approach. Third, more hydromorphological information has to be generated and fed into the planning process. Fourth, good planning requires the inputs of diverse stakeholders.     

漓江补水工程对桂林市区河段水质的影响分析

通过定量比较枯水期漓江桂林市区段在3种不同条件下，其主要污染物高锰酸盐指数、氨氮的浓度变化情况，来评价各主要断面的水质类别。分析并预测了待建的斧子口、川江、小溶江3个漓江防洪和补水工程枢纽建成后，与已实施补水的青狮潭水库枢纽联合调度运行时，可使枯水期漓江桂林市区段的水质全段达标，并使主要超标污染物达到零削减。对桂林市区的供、取水水源地水质的改善将起到有利的促进作用。     

渭河咸阳段水质分析及污染治理策略

运用模糊综合评价模型对渭河咸阳段水质进行分析评价，得出渭河咸阳段水体已受到严重污染，水质基本上属于Ⅴ级的结论，并在此基础上提出了综合治理措施。     

Cascade Correlation Artificial Neural Networks for Estimating Missing Monthly Values of Water Quality Parameters in Rivers

Three layer cascade correlation artificial neural network (CCANN) models have been developed for the prediction of monthly values of some water quality parameters in rivers by using monthly values of other existing water quality parameters as input variables. The monthly data of some water quality parameters and discharge, for the time period 1980–1994, of Axios river, at a station near the Greek – FYROM borders and for the time period 1980–1990, of Strymon river, at a station near the Greek – Bulgarian borders, were selected for this study. The training of CCANN models was achieved by the cascade correlation algorithm which is a feed-forward and supervised algorithm. Kalman's learning rule was used to modify the artificial neural network weights. The choice of the input variables introduced to the input layer was based on the stepwise approach. The number of nodes in the hidden layer was determined based on the maximum value of the correlation coefficient. The final network arhitecture and geometry were tested to avoid over-fitting. The selected CCANN models gave very good results for both rivers and seem promising to be applicable for the estimation of missing monthly values of water quality parameters in rivers.     

Waste load allocation for water quality management of a heavily polluted river using linear programming.

A waste load allocation model using linear programming has been developed for economic water quality management. A modified Qual2e model was used for water quality calculations and transfer coefficients were derived from the calculated water quality. This allocation model was applied to the heavily polluted Gyungan River, located in South Korea. For water quality management of the river, two scenarios were proposed. Scenario 1 proposed to minimise the total waste load reduction in the river basin. Scenario 2 proposed to minimise waste load reduction considering regional equity. Waste loads, which have to be reduced at each sub-basin and WWTP, were determined to meet the water quality goal of the river. Application results of the allocation model indicate that advanced treatment is required for most of the existing WWTPs in the river basin and construction of new WWTPs and capacity expansion of existing plants are necessary. Distribution characteristics of pollution sources and pollutant loads in the river basin was analysed using Arc/View GIS.     

Suitability of Water Quality Indices for Application in Lakes in the Mediterranean

Water quality indices (WQIs) are efficient and powerful tools for evaluating, organising and communicating information on the overall quality of surface water bodies. The use of these indices may be very helpful in evaluating the water quality of aquatic systems in relation to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). In this study, two well-known water quality indices have been selected for evaluation: the CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and NSF (National Sanitation Foundation). These WQIs were applied in the Polyphytos reservoir-Aliakmon river in Greece where monthly water quality data were available for the period June 2004 to May 2005. The available dataset included values of the following parameters: water depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, transparency (Secchi disk depth), BOD₅, COD, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), nitrite (NO₂ ^?) and nitrate (NO₃ ^?), and total Κjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The application of the two WQIs was made using specialised, freely available software-tools. A comparison of their performance and a qualitative judgement on their suitability on expressing the quality of a surface water body is presented. The classification results were compared with those obtained by the WFD-ECOFRAME approach of the EU. Based on the applicability and drawbacks of the examined indices, useful conclusions were derived and discussed. Among others, it is concluded that the NSF-WQI is a more robust index and produces a classification nearer that of the WFD-ECOFRAME approach when compared to the CCME-WQI.     

基于灰色聚类法的大凌河水环境质量综合评价

利用白化权函数描述水质分级,利用平均标准值法进行量纲一化,利用倒数法确定聚类权,建立了大凌河水环境质量灰色评价模型.根据大凌河污染物排放特点选择参评因子,以地表水环境质量标准为评价依据,对大凌河进行水质评价与分析.结果表明:上窝堡的水质等级为Ⅲ级,污染程度为中度;朝阳与义县的水质等级为Ⅳ级,污染程度为重度;凌海的水质等级为V级,污染程度为严重;大凌河部分水域已经不能满足用水要求,需要采取措施控制污染物排放.     

平原地区城市河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究——以天津市中心城区河网为例

针对平原地区城市河网中存在的补水效果差、水质不达标等水环境问题,采取问题解析-方法优化的思路开展河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究,提出了融合现状模拟和成因分析、补水调度策略验证、补水调度实施方案的研究思路。以天津市中心城区环城河网进行实例应用,基于现状问题解析揭示了河网水质不达标原因,按照保持现有工程措施及增设工程措施的顺序提出了适用的推荐补水调度策略,并基于推荐补水调度策略提出了年度整体实施方案及实际实施方案,其中年度整体实施方案对应的年度补水调度总需水量为3.19亿m3。研究表明本文提出的补水调度策略研究方法可利用有限的补水资源有效地改善水环境,可在其他平原地区城市河网中进行推广。     

A Microeconomic Perspective on Water Resources Management: Analyzing the Effects on Optimal Land Rents Along a River Basin

Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly relevant issue in many regions of the world as demand for water continues to grow. As a result, the need for finding measures that efficiently allocate increasingly scarce water resources has become a primary topic on the agendas of many water resource management authorities. This paper presents an innovative approach that provides further insight into the connection between hydrological, environmental, and economic aspects along a river basin. In short, it analyzes how land rents along a river basin are affected by managing water pollution along a river basin, given certain hydrological characteristics of the river basin. Results show that, without the implementation of a water management system to control water quality, the negative external effects of upstream water discharges on downstream locations can be internalized through a decrease in downstream land rents. However, the analysis presented in this paper also reveals that it is not only the absence or the presence of a water management system that has a significant impact on the real estate market along the river basin. Moreover, the market outcome also varies with the type of water resources management system implemented.     

辽河流域水质现状评价及其污染源解析

根据辽河流域水系特征选取COD,BOD5,NH3-N等6个典型水质指标,以综合水质标识指数评价法对辽河流域主要干流水质进行评价。以此为基础,结合多元统计分析方法对辽河流域主要干流水体中主要污染物进行源解析。结果表明,辽河流域中、下游水体中度污染比较严重,辽河流域水体有3种典型污染物,对整个辽河流域污染的贡献率分别为56.85%,18.23%和17.51%。     

灰色聚类关联评估在牟汶河水质评价中的应用

应用灰色关联聚类分析法,对莱芜市牟汶河整治后的水质质量变化状况进行了综合评价。采用牟汶河寨子河桥断面2005~2008年的水质监测数据,选择具有代表性的四项指标作为评价因子。通过计算污染物权重,构造改进的白化函数,进一步计算出灰色关联度,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)通过理论阐述与计算,得出评定结果:2008年2007年2006年2005年。     

生态环境需水分类体系探讨

在总结已有工作基础上,对生态需水、生态耗水、生态用水以及生态与环境的概念进行阐述。对生态需水的分类体系进行探讨,认为按空间的一级分类可分为河道内和河道外生态需水,若按尺度可分为宏观和微观生态需水。河道内生态需水又可分为水土保持需水、河道生态与环境需水、流域湿地保护需水、河口生态需水及地下水生态水位;河道外生态需水指城市生态环境需水、防护林体系需水、湿地补水等。介绍计算生态需水的6大基本程序:生态水文分区、分区生态功能识别、现状评价、确定管理目标、生态需水计算以及监测和管理。     

Multiple Model Predictive Flood Control in Regulated River Systems with Uncertain Inflows

This paper presents a novel approach to real time automatic flood control in a managed river network that is subject to uncertain inflows. The proposed approach uses multiple models to represent inflows ranging from low to high flow. Optimal model selection is achieved in a minimum mean square error sense using a bank of Kalman filters to identify the most likely inflow characteristic. There are no a-priori probabilities assigned to the individual models. Model Predictive Control is used for water level controller design. Our Adaptive Multi Model Predictive Control (AMMPC) method is proposed as an alternative to existing techniques that also use multiple inflow models but with a-priori inflow model probabilities, either weighted or equally likely. The performance of the approach is demonstrated using a simulated river-reservoir model as well as using data collected at the Wivenhoe Dam during the 2011 floods in Queensland, Australia.     

从南流江水权分配转让谈广西水权制度建设

论述了南流江上游大容山电站建成后,玉林市所属的玉州区(原玉林县)与北流市(原北流县)两个不同的行政辖区之间就电站发电后尾水使用权的分配、转让的由来、发展和分配方案的确定过程中,所产生的一系列问题,分析了南流江水权分配存在的历史背景、存在问题,提出了促进广西水权转让的建议。     

河流栖息地适合度曲线与分级评价标准研究

河流栖息地具有多尺度、多等级、斑块化分布和动态变化等重要特征,常通过揭示栖息地质量的关键环境因子适合度来开展河流栖息地质量评价。本文基于国内外多种溪流型鱼类栖息地环境的流速、水深范围与偏好的流速、水深、水温研究成果,结合中国浙江省瓯江干流河段的自然环境特征和多样性的水生物学特点,选取喜缓流水型鱼类-唇䱻作为指示性物种,研究了河流栖息地关键环境因子:水深、流速、水温与水质适合度曲线,采用优、良、中、差分级评价方法,以流速、水深、水温和水质类别作为主要的判据因子,确定了河流栖息地评估的分级标准,为河流栖息地质量评价和生态适应性管理提供了科学依据。