近50年伊洛河流域径流演变归因分析

流域尺度的径流变化反映了气候和人类活动的综合影响,然而目前伊洛河流域径流演变的量化归因尚不明晰。基于Budyko假设构建解析径流变化归因的模型,量化评估径流对各环境因素变化的敏感性系数,定量揭示各因素对径流变化的贡献。结果表明,1970—2018年间,伊洛河流域径流显著下降（α=0.05）,且在1991年发生突变,突变后径流减少了46.43 mm（34.32%）。径流变化对降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面参数的敏感性系数分别为0.42、?0.18和?78.36,即降水每增加1 mm将导致径流增加0.42 mm,潜在蒸散发量每增加1 mm将导致径流减少0.18 mm,下垫面参数每增加1个单位将导致径流减少78.36 mm。气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为42.60%和56.36%,人类活动引起的下垫面变化是径流变化的主要原因,其中植被变化是下垫面变化的主导因素。研究结果可为流域径流演变归因和水资源管理规划提供理论支撑。     

沙柳河流域1969—2020年径流变化及归因分析

以青海湖盆地沙柳河流域为研究对象,利用Penman-Monteith公式探究流域潜在蒸散发量ET₀时空变化特征,运用Mann-Kendall及Pettitt检验法检验沙柳河流域1969—2020年径流变化趋势及突变特征,基于水热耦合平衡理论分析量化各因素对径流变化的贡献。1969—2020年沙柳河流域潜在蒸散发量呈下降趋势,平均下降速率为4.8 mm/10 a。突变检验识别径流在2004年存在突变点(2004年之前径流减少,之后显著增加)。基于流域水热耦合平衡方程的径流变化弹性分析表明,研究期内年降水量、潜在蒸散发量、下垫面参数分别增大10%时,年径流量增加14.4%、减少4.4%、减少8.8%。径流变化归因分析结果显示,气候变化和人类活动对沙柳河流域径流量减少的贡献率分别为70.4%和29.6%,气候变化是导致沙柳河流域径流量增加的主要原因,且降水是影响径流量变化的主要因素。     

黑河流域上游径流变化及其归因分析

基于莺落峡站径流资料,结合流域内气象因子及土地利用类型的变化情况,采用Budyko假设下的张橹经验公式,定性和定量分析了不同因素对黑河流域上游径流变化的影响。结果表明:(1)1960-2015年研究区径流量显著增加,在1997年和2004年存在变点,据此将研究期划分为基准期(1960-1997年)、突变期I(1998-2004年)、突变期II(2005-2015年);(2)降水、潜在蒸散发与永久性冰川雪地面积三者的变化与径流变化在一定程度上呈现一致性;降水和永久性冰川雪地融化对径流增加产生正效应,潜在蒸散发对径流增加产生负效应;(3)突变期I时段三者变化对径流变化的贡献率分别为149%、-83%和34%;突变期II时段三者的贡献率分别为138%、-35%和-3%。     

基于水热耦合平衡方程的六冲河上游流域径流变化归因分析

以贵州省六冲河上游流域为研究区域,首先通过Mann-Kendall检验和Pettitt法对六冲河七星关站年径流变化进行趋势和突变分析,找出突变点,再运用水热耦合平衡方程对突变点前后径流变化进行归因分析,通过对降水、潜在蒸散发以及下垫面的弹性系数进行敏感性分析,最后计算出降水、潜在蒸散发以及下垫面对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:六冲河上游径流深在1971—2009年呈现显著下降趋势,在1986年发生显著突变,比较降水量、潜在蒸发量和下垫面指数对径流变化的敏感性,发现降水量弹性系数最大,其次是下垫面指数,最后是潜在蒸散发,表明径流对降水量的变化最为敏感,计算三者对径流显著减少的贡献程度,发现降水减少对径流减少的贡献率高达113.3%,其次是下垫面变化的影响,贡献率为14.4%,最后是潜在蒸散发增加带来的影响,贡献率为-27.7%。     

气候变化条件下洪泽湖以上流域水资源演变趋势

基于IPCC对全球和中国的气候变化趋势,利用1990—2011年气象资料,采用增量情景设置方法,分析气候变化情景下洪泽湖以上流域水资源的演变趋势。结果表明:该流域水资源量对降雨变化有较强的敏感性,实际蒸散发对温度变化的敏感性较强。与基准期相比,在气温同等条件、降水增加情景下,流域水资源量呈增加趋势;在降水同等条件、气温升高情景下,流域的实际蒸发会增加,导致水资源量呈减少的趋势。径流年内分配受降水变化影响较大;随着降水增加,径流年内分配更集中,加大年内径流分配差异,可能加大流域湖泊调蓄压力。     

祁连山区气候变化对黑河出山径流的影响

以黑河上游流域为研究区,依据祁连山区4个气象站的逐月实测气象资料及莺落峡水文站逐月径流资料,采用Penman-Monteith方法计算了潜在蒸散发量,采用线性回归以及Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法研究了降水、潜在蒸散发、气温及径流的年、季变化趋势,运用弹性系数法分析了降水、气温和潜在蒸散发变化对黑河出山径流的影响。结果表明:(1)黑河流域气候水文要素的总体年际变化为年降水量和气温均呈显著升高趋势,潜在蒸散发量呈不显著增加趋势,出山口莺落峡水文站径流量呈显著增大趋势;(2)祁连山区降水量、气温和潜在蒸散发量是影响黑河流域出山径流量的主要气象因子,径流与降水在年和季节尺度上都存在显著相关关系,其中祁连山区秋季降水量与莺落峡站径流量的相关性最为显著,春季气温与径流量呈正相关,气温升高促进了冰雪消融,进而增大径流量,潜在蒸散发量特别是夏季蒸散发量增大对降水量增大造成的年径流增大起到了一定的削弱作用;(3)祁连山区降水量增加1%将使莺落峡站径流量增加约0.74%,祁连山区气温升高1%将使莺落峡站径流量增大约0.16%,祁连山区潜在蒸散发量增加1%将导致莺落峡站径流量减少约1.75%。     

基于Budyko假设的滦河流域上游径流变化归因识别

近50年来,气候变化和人类活动在不同程度上对滦河流域水文过程产生了影响,为了识别径流变化的主要原因,以滦河流域上游地区为研究区,利用Mann-Kendall检验法等分析研究区1966-2015年气象及水文要素变化趋势,同时建立基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,运用弹性系数法对研究区径流变化的影响因素进行敏感性分析,并对各要素对径流变化的贡献进行定量评估。结果表明,1966-2015年间滦河流域上游地区年径流深呈显著减少趋势,年降水与年潜在蒸散发均无显著变化趋势。同基准期(1966-1979年)相比,下垫面变化是径流减少的主要影响因素,1980-1997年(影响Ⅰ期)与1998-2015年(影响Ⅱ期)下垫面变化对径流变化的贡献率分别为52.68%、88.12%。在气候要素中,降水对径流变化的影响大于潜在蒸散发的影响。     

基于Budyko弹性系数法的佳芦河流域径流变化归因识别

气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响是一个综合过程,因此径流动态变化及其归因识别和定量表征对区域水资源开发管理至关重要。以佳芦河流域为研究区,选用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、有序聚类法等分析了研究区水文要素的主要变化特征;采用基于Budyko水热耦合平衡理论的弹性系数法,定量分析了径流深变化对各驱动因素的响应程度。结果表明:研究时段内,降水量和潜在蒸散发量均无明显变化,但径流深呈显著减少趋势且在1978年发生突变,相比基准期,径流深相对变化率为-58.5%;人类活动和气候变化共同作用于该流域导致径流深锐减,其中人类活动、降水量和潜在蒸散发量对径流深变化的贡献率分别是77.54%、21.31%和1.15%。     

基于弹性系数法的阿克苏河径流归因分析

为了探究阿克苏河径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应情况,采用Mann-Kendall、Pettit检验法结合距平序列变化分析水文、气象要素的变化趋势和突变情况,基于弹性系数法定量评估气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率,并探究了冰川积雪消融对径流量的影响。在此基础上,根据突变点检验结果,将历史长序列划分为基线期(1956—1976年)、改变期I (1977—1993年)及改变期II (1994—2018年),定量研究了阿克苏河径流变化的归因。结果表明:(1)阿克苏河流域1956—2018年的年平均降雨和径流呈现出显著的上升趋势,降雪量呈现不显著的上升趋势,而潜在蒸散发呈现出递减趋势;(2)径流变化对降雨和潜在蒸散发变化的敏感性程度自基线期到改变期II呈显著的增加趋势;(3)径流变化对降雨变化的响应更敏感,降雨的增加与潜在蒸散发的减少都会导致流域径流量的增加;变暖引起的积雪与冰川的加速消融都将显著地促进径流量的增加;(4)自1977—2018年,气候变化使径流量增加的影响(59%)明显大于人类活动使径流减少的影响(-41%),气候变化是阿克苏河径流量变化的主导原因。     

基于Budyko假设的匡门口流域径流变化归因分析

由于气候和人为两个因素,流域径流受到降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面变化的影响日渐严重。定量评估这些要素对径流变化的相对影响,对区域水资源配置起着重要作用。以匡门口水文站控制流域为研究区域,Budyko假设为研究基础,综合多种方法分析径流量的变化趋势规律和突变年份,将研究期划分为基准期和变化期两个子时段,定量评估降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面变化对径流变化的影响率。结果表明,匡门口水文站控制区域的径流量呈显著下降趋势;其突变年份为1978年,并由此将研究时段划分为基准期(1959-1978年)和变化期(1979-2017年);匡门口站径流变化主要受到下垫面变化的影响,影响比率占79.25%,而气候变化对径流的影响占20.76%,其中气候变化主要是降水量的变化,潜在蒸散发对径流产生负影响,且影响很小(0.01%)。     

白洋淀流域潜在蒸散量与实际蒸散量变化分析

基于Penman-Monteith公式和Budyko假设,利用白洋淀流域1960年-2011年的气象、水文资料,计算分析了该流域潜在蒸散量与实际蒸散量的长期变化趋势,并初步分析了实际蒸散量变化与降水变化、潜在蒸散量变化的关系。结果表明:过去52年白洋淀流域潜在蒸散量和实际蒸散量分别以10.3mm/(10a)和11.6mm/(10a)的速度呈下降趋势;年代际变化分析表明,潜在蒸散量的下降趋势在不同年代际间具有持续性,而实际蒸散量则表现为波动下降,其波动性受降水波动的影响,年实际蒸散量的变化与年降水的变化呈正相关关系(R2=0.99),与潜在蒸散量的变化呈负相关关系(R2=0.37),即降水量的变化对实际蒸散量的变化起主要控制作用。     

基于Choudhury-Yang公式的泾河流域蒸散发归因分析

1999年以来黄土高原实施了大规模的植树造林工程,但该工程是否加剧了区域水资源压力引发了社会的广泛讨论。为科学解析黄土高原水循环演变过程,基于Choudhury-Yang公式计算了黄土高原泾河流域2000-2014年蒸散发变化,并定量区分了气候因子和下垫面因子对流域蒸散发变化的贡献。研究结果表明:退耕还林工程实施以来,泾河流域实际蒸散发呈下降趋势,年均降幅为-2.28mm;降水是该流域蒸散发变化的主导因子,其平均贡献率达到76.8%,远大于潜在蒸散发(40.8%)和下垫面变化(-17.5%)的影响。基于Choudhury-Yang公式的蒸散发归因识别方法,对定量区分气候和下垫面变化对流域蒸散发的影响具有重要的科学意义。     

Relating Trends in Streamflow to Anthropogenic Influences: A Case Study of Himayat Sagar Catchment,India

Catchment development has been identified as a potentially major cause of streamflow change in many river basins in India. This research aims to understand changes in the Himayat Sagar catchment (HSC), India, where significant reductions in streamflow have been observed. Rainfall and streamflow trend analysis for 1980–2004 shows a decline in streamflow without significant changes in rainfall. A regression model was used to quantify changes in the rainfall-runoff relationship over the study period. We relate these streamflow trends to anthropogenic changes in land use, groundwater abstraction and watershed development that lead to increased ET (Evapotranspiration) in the catchment. Streamflow has declined at a rate of 3.6 mm/y. Various estimates of changes in evapotranspiration/irrigation water use were made. Well inventories suggested an increase of 7.2 mm/y in groundwater extractions whereas typical irrigation practices suggests applied water increased by 9.0 mm/y, while estimates of evapotranspiration using remote sensing data showed an increasing rate of 4.1 mm/y. Surface water storage capacity of various small watershed development structures increased by 2 mm over 7 years. It is concluded that the dominant hydrological process responsible for streamflow reduction is the increase in evapotranspiration associated with irrigation development, however, most of the anthropogenic changes examined are interrelated and occurred simultaneously, making separating out individual impacts very difficult.     

淮河流域径流时空变化特征分析

基于淮河流域主要干支流26个水文站点1956-2008年的实测径流资料,针对不同时间尺度,采用Mann-Kendall、Sequential Mann-Kendall和Distribution-free CUSUM等多种非参数检验方法对径流年际变化的趋势性和突变性进行分析。结果表明:流域径流年际变化趋势存在一定空间差异,除上游区表现出不显著的上升趋势外,大部分地区呈现出下降趋势,其中淮河水系中游以北地区与沂沭泗水系表现出显著的下降趋势;淮河水系径流量在春季(尤其4-5月份)表现出最大范围的下降趋势,在夏季(尤其7-8月份)呈现出以上升趋势为主的变化趋势,径流量年内分布不均匀化将进一步加大,可能加剧地区水资源供需矛盾和旱涝灾害;沂沭泗水系径流量在夏季表现出最大范围的下降趋势,7月份径流量的趋势值中值最小,达到了95%的显著水平;受到强烈的人类活动影响,流域年径流突变年份存在一定的时空差异,总体主要发生在20世纪70、80年代。     

Rainfall-runoff modelling of water resources in the upper Senegal River basin

The streamflow series for the upstream basin of the Senegal River is marked by considerable gaps. The objective of this article is to simulate and extend hydrological data, using the GR2M rainfall-runoff model. A sensitivity analysis of the model to rainfall and water holding capacity input data was performed. This analysis was performed after calculating catchment rainfall, mean potential evapotranspiration, and maximum, minimum and mean water holding capacity. The best combination of input data was chosen by catchment based on the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion. Then cross calibration-validation tests were performed, using the selected input data to choose model parameter sets.     

Complexity and trends analysis of hydrometeorological time series for a river streamflow: A case study of Songhua River Basin,China

In China's national economic growth, an important role is being played by the Songhua River because of the river's abundant resources and natural conditions. Therefore, study of hydrometeorological time series is very important to understand the basin behaviour. This research uses the snow cover data derived from MODIS, streamflow, and meteorological records in the Songhua River Basin to evaluate similarity, complexity, and trends in the snow cover, temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. In this paper, we suggest a new method of ranking the statistics symbolic sequences to examine the degree of similarity (distance measurement) between meteorological stations and compare it with non‐parametric correlation methods and also investigate the deviations in the complexity of a hydrometeorological time series. Information‐based similarity index and multiscale entropy confirm that the hydrometeorological time series of different stations have self‐similarity and abundant complexity. Wavelet entropy is also used to investigate the basin behaviour by taking streamflow records and population. It is found that with the increase in population and urbanization, the complexity values are increased. The results also exhibit that due to increase in urbanization, it affects the hydrological process and nature of environment resulting in complex catchment behaviour. Furthermore, the streamflow trend results displayed significant decline (22.21 m³/s × year^?1) in the Songhua River. The results also indicated that the seasonal snow cover trend has no impact on changes of the streamflow. However, the decline of the streamflow may be influenced by the significant human activity upstream of the Songhua River.     

若尔盖泥炭小流域地下水水位的时空变化规律

若尔盖泥炭湿地是黄河上游重要的水源涵养地,发挥着蓄水、固碳和生态的重要功能。近几十年来若尔盖泥炭湿地面积持续萎缩,其地下水水位的变化对湿地萎缩发挥着关键性作用。选取若尔盖高原的黑河上游泥炭湿地典型小流域,采用HOBO自记水位计布设5个靠近沟道和3个远离沟道的地下水水位观测点,结合2017年5-9月地下水水位观测数据以及红原站气象资料,分析该小流域内地下水水位的时空变化规律。结果表明：沟道可为周边泥炭层提供更加长效的补水时间,而且能够更快汇集地表水流;远离沟道的地下水水位变化与降雨过程趋于同步,其与降雨量的相关系数达到0.8;洼地的地下水水位变化比坡地受降雨影响小;地下水水位变化对降雨过程具有滞后响应,即随着降雨强度增大,滞后时长逐渐减小,且远离沟道比靠近沟道的观测点的滞后时长要短约18 min。     

Sensitivity of Simulating Hydrologic Processes to Gauge and Radar Rainfall Data in Subtropical Coastal Catchments

This research evaluated the impact of three rainfall datasets on hydrologic process simulations in two coastal catchments located in Alabama. In this study, rain gauge time series recorded by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Geological Survey (USGS) along with radar precipitation data derived from NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) were input into the Hydrological Simulation Program??FORTRAN (HSPF). Automatic parameter calibration was performed using daily streamflow data recorded at USGS Fish and Magnolia River gauge stations from 07/01/2002 to 12/31/2008. HSPF parameters were optimized using the Model-Independent Parameter Estimation (PEST) program. Model parameter ranges were refined by incorporating physical characteristic of the study areas and after analyzing observed streamflow time series. This approach, in turn, helped PEST optimization tool to find the most physically-related set of parameters that can be transferred to any watershed with similar characteristics and minimum parameter calibration. On average, annual USGS and radar rainfall values were around 480?mm and 250?mm, respectively lower than NOAA precipitation records. Overall, it is found that the NOAA precipitation input data resulted in better daily flow simulations than results from radar and USGS rainfall time series. Streamflows derived from USGS rainfall time series showed the worst model performance at both catchment outlets because of missing data, low amounts, and temporal delay of peaks. This study found that annual actual evapotranspiration values were closed among rainfall time series and varied from 900 to 958?mm. Deep percolation values for Magnolia and Fish River, regardless of rainfall source, ranged from 66 to 192?mm/year. Major discrepancies were found at storm runoff values. Gauge rainfall time series yielded the closest streamflow values compared to observed flow time series at both watershed outlets. Rainfall derived from radar yielded consistent and acceptable runoff results in Fish and Magnolia River models. In both case studies, the high spatial variability of rainfall storm events was not adequately captured by any of the rainfall datasets and yielded high uncertainty in model results.     

小清河流域汛期多年降水变化趋势

以黄台桥水文站为出口断面的小清河流域作为研究区,根据流域内5个雨量站1977-2014年日降水资料,首先采用非参数Mann-Kendall法对流域内各站多年汛期降水变化进行趋势分析,并用Morlet小波分析流域汛期降水的周期变化;其次使用Mann-Kendall检验法并结合滑动t检验、有序聚类法及Yamamoto法进行突变检验;最后使用Hurst指数法对流域各站点降水未来趋势进行预测。研究结果表明:流域内各站点汛期多年降水变化呈现增加趋势,但变化趋势并不显著;流域汛期降水变化存在22a左右的主周期;突变分析表明汛期各站点降水的突变年份并不完全相同,而预计汛期降水量的未来变化将呈现出微弱的上升趋势。     

Statistical Downscaling of River Runoff in a Semi Arid Catchment

Linear and non-linear statistical ‘downscaling’ study is applied to relate large-scale climate information from a general circulation model (GCM) to local-scale river flows in west Iran. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the more promising downscaling techniques, and provides a through inter comparison study using Karkheh catchment as an experimental site in a semi arid region for the years of 2040 to 2069. A hybrid conceptual hydrological model was used in conjunction with modeled outcomes from a General Circulation Model (GCM), HadCM3, along with two downscaling techniques, Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to determine how future streamflow may change in a semi arid catchment. The results show that the choice of a downscaling algorithm having a significant impact on the streamflow estimations for a semi-arid catchment, which are mainly, influenced, respectively, by atmospheric precipitation and temperature projections. According to the SDSM and ANN projections, daily temperature will increase up to +0.58 0C (+3.90 %) and +0.48 0C (+3.48 %), and daily precipitation will decrease up to ?0.1 mm (?2.56 %) and ?0.4 mm (?2.82 %) respectively. Moreover streamflow changes corresponding to downscaled future projections presented a reduction in mean annual flow of ?3.7 m^3/s and ?9.47 m^3/s using SDSM and ANN outputs respectively. The results suggest a significant reduction of streamflow in both downscaling projections, particularly in winter. The discussion considers the performance of each statistical method for downscaling future flow at catchment scale as well as the relationship between atmospheric processes and flow variability and changes.