水资源账户的建立与应用研究

为了补充和完善综合环境经济核算体系,进一步改进现代水利统计体系,实现水资源一体化管理,完成自然资源核算中水资源的核算部分,目前,对水资源环境经济核算方面的研究工作逐渐展开。作为水资源环境经济核算的重要组成部分,水资源账户的建立十分必要。基于水资源环境经济核算体系,介绍了水资源账户建立的背景、构架、核心管理问题和各账户编制内容以及账户建立的关键问题等,提出了水资源账户建立的一般思路,可为区域、流域水资源账户的编制提供参考。     

关于节水型社会建设主要内容的探讨——以宁夏节水型社会建设为例

节水型社会建设应在水权水市场理论的指导下，紧紧围绕建立与水资源承载能力相适应的经济结构体系、建立与现代水权制度相适应的水资源管理体系、建立与水资源优化配置相适应的水工程体系、建立与小康社会相适应的社会管理体系等四个体系建设为主要内容，积极探索和实践节水型社会建设。     

宁夏节水型社会经济结构体系建设

建立与水资源承载能力相适应的经济结构体系是建设节水型社会的关键.针对日益严重的水资源危机,通过产业布局调整、加快城镇化建设、农业结构调整、种植结构调整,建立与水资源承栽能力相适应的经济结构体系,引导水资源向高效益行业流转,提高水资源的利用效益.     

罗庄区节水型社会建设初探

罗庄区是山东省临沂市的贫水县区之一，水资源承载能力和利用效率较低。通过建立完善的水资源管理体系、建立与区域水资源承载能力相适应的结构体系和与水资源优化配置相适应的水利工程体系，有力地推动了罗庄区节水型社会建设。     

长江流域水资源管理工作思路与对策

随着全球气候变化、经济社会活动的影响,以及涉水工程的大规模建设,使原有河流的水资源时空分布逐渐发生变化,对水资源的合理配置提出了新的要求。为此,需要从保障流域水资源可持续利用和水资源安全的要求出发,落实最严格水资源管理制度。针对长江流域水资源管理面临的形势,明确长江流域水资源管理的工作思路。以此为基础,提出了建立和完善水资源规划体系、流域水资源管理制度体系、水资源配置与调度管理体系、取水许可管理体系、流域节水体系、水资源监控体系,以及水资源管理基础工作体系等长江流域水资源管理措施。     

四川省大竹县节水型社会建设初探

大竹县是四川省31个贫水县之一，水资源承栽能力和利用效率较低。通过建立完善的水资源管理体系、建立与区域水资源承载能力相适应的结构体系和与水资源优化配置相适应的水利工程体系，有力地推动了大竹县节水型社会建设。     

平陆县水资源优化配置及综合利用

在分析平陆县水资源开发利用存在问题的基础上，提出了水资源优化配置和综合利用的几点对策，即：建立优化配置水资源供给体系；开展节水型社会建设；水资源优化配置；建立有效控制的水环保生态保护体系；建立水法制保障体系。     

全面落实最严格水资源管理制度 加快推进水资源管理现代化

近年来,江苏省通过建立特色最严格水资源管理制度,构建节水型社会建设体系、水资源保护体系和水生态保护体系等手段措施,将最严格水资源管理落到实处,促进了水资源管理的现代化,推动了江苏省水利现代化的大发展。     

阜新市水资源可持续利用战略对策体系研究

辽宁省阜新市现阶段水资源存在着水量不足、水质污染严重等问题，解决的办法就是要建立起节流优先、治污为本、多方开源、优化配置、科学规划的战略对策体系，同时必须提高节水意识，建立健全完善的水资源法律法规体系，加快水资源投资体制改革，建立可持续水价形成机制，加快水资源信息化建设等，以实现水资源的可持续利用。     

西部大开发战略下的西北水资源开发、利用与保护

在对西北地区水资源与生态环境进行系统评价的基础上，面向西部大开发战略，提出了西北水资源的合理开发、高效利用与保护的模式，通过对西北地区水资源与生态环境本底和问题的分析，以及对其水分与生态结构及其驱动关系的剖析，认为：该地区的合理开发模式为建立水资源利用的社会公平性、高效率和高效益；高效利用模式为保证基本生态用水(50％)、提高开发利用效率和开发替代性水资源；保护体系为在上游产水区建立水土保持与水源涵养体系、在中游用水区建立用水与排污总量的平衡体系、在下游耗水区建立生态用水保障和高效利用体系，在保障措施方面，应树立新型资源和生态价值观、加强区域水资源合理配置、实行流域水资源统一管理、建设节水防污型社会和加快骨干水利工程建设，最终达到在西北地区建立与水资源和生态环境务件相匹配的经济结构体系的目的。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

我国灌区建设及管理技术发展成就与展望

新中国成立70年来,我国灌区建设与管理取得了举世瞩目的成就,农田灌溉面积由1949年的1593万hm2发展到2016年的6714万hm2,位列世界第一,保障了我国粮食安全供给和社会经济发展。我国灌区建设与管理已经历了三个大的发展阶段,依靠科技进步解决了发展过程中出现的各种问题,使我国灌区建设与管理水平逐步得以提升。今后的30年将是我国实现灌区现代化的时期。本文较系统介绍了我国灌区发展概况、灌区建设与管理技术进展和成就、灌区面临的主要问题和挑战、以及灌区现代化发展展望。