强化水源地保护 保障饮水安全

我省不断加强对集中式饮用水源地保护规范化管理,从合理规划水源地布局、进一步规范水源地保护区标志、狠抓现有污染源的综合治理、杜绝出现新的污染源等几个方面进行了整治,依法划定保护区,严格保护,消除污染隐患,确保饮用水水源水质安全。制度方面,出台《省人大常委会关于加强饮用水源地保护的决定》,明确了饮用水源地的核准、变更程序及保护区和准保护区的划分要求。完成了《江苏省饮用水源地安全保障规划》,提出加强备用水源地建设、污染源清除、生态修复、监测预警等多项保护措施。     

典型溶质在河流与地下水中的二维弥散实验研究

傍河水源地是我国北方城市,工矿企业集中供水的一种常见模式。傍河抽水驱动下,随着抽水强度的增大,河流与地下水会由具有统一浸润曲线向"脱节"演化,尤其在枯水季节或干旱地区,河道径流量较少,常见地下水与河流脱节现象。河流一旦受到污染,污染物质随水体迁移过程中就会污染地下水及水源,本文研究不同河流与地下水转化关系下的溶质在含水层中的运移规律。在稳定水动力场条件下,以NaCl为示     

渭河傍河水源地开采地下水数值模拟

根据关中盆地水文地质条件及地下水分布特点,概化出区域地下水流数学模型和水文地质概念模型,在此基础上利用Visual Modflow建立了关中盆地区域地下水数值模拟模型,并利用地下水位长观孔对模型参数进行了识别,使模型具有较好的模拟仿真度。利用识别后的模型研究了引汉济渭后傍河水源地开采对渭河径流量及区域地下水位的影响,结果表明,傍河水源地开采激发渭河补给量占总开采量的73.3%,引汉济渭后通过减少傍河水源地开采量可增加渭河干流水量,并使得渭河沿线城市地下水位有不同程度的回升。     

某水库水源保护工程设计

为保障县城饮水安全,迫切需要实施水源保护项目。以保护生活饮用水源地水质为目标,在对流域范围内水环境现状调研和主要污染源解析的基础上,将工程措施与非工程措施相结合。通过清除禁养区内畜禽养殖场、完善管理制度及建设生态湿地等,削减入库污染负荷,保护水库水质。     

中小型河流河谷地下水开采资源的组成及傍河水源井位的确定

本文在分析河谷地下水开采资源的组成及其重要水资源特征的基础上,提出了开采模型。并在试验基础上,建立了河水渗入补给率δ的计算公式,从而为通过计算确定傍河取水水源井位提供了依据。     

基于遗传算法的TCE污染地下水修复抽水处理优化方案研究

抽水处理技术已广泛应用于地下水污染现场修复，系统设计运行不当会严重影响抽水处理的成本和效率。布井位置和抽水流量是抽水处理系统设计的两个关键因素，需考虑污染现场及饮用水源位置、经济成本等条件，因而布井方案需综合实际情况考虑不同参数。已有的抽水处理系统主要依据经验设计，不能满足复杂系统下经济高效运行的目的。因此，根据影响抽水处理系统经济效应的因素寻求经济高效的最优布井方案越来越重要。以某典型三氯乙烯(TCE)污染含水层为例，运用地下水流场、溶质运移模拟模型与遗传算法相结合的优化技术MGO,采用水力优化和运移优化两种地下水污染修复模式进行优化。基于情景分析比较了不同修复时间、井的数量、目标修复浓度、吸附常数和渗透系数等参数调整对井位和抽水量优化布局的影响，探索了抽水处理系统优化中遗传算法设计参数的确定方法，总结了影响抽水处理系统经济效应的不同因素及其变化规律。结果表明，抽水成本随井数的增多、修复时间的延长、目标修复浓度的增大而降低，但降幅会在某一临界范围内显著缩小，需根据实际工程需要，平衡各方成本因素。当目标修复浓度为0.03 mg/L且修复时间为20 a时，3眼井较2眼井抽水成本减少18%...     

某水源井四氯化碳污源调查及分析

通过对土壤四氯化碳含量的测试,研究了某水源井附近和某电器设备安装公司厂区土壤四氯化碳污染特征,明确了水源井地下水的污染源和污染途径,分析了土壤四氯化碳污染晕分布的控制因素。在该水源井及厂区附近的钻孔土样中均检出了连续分布的四氯化碳,最高浓度可达46.0 ng/g,在厂区内部四氯化碳主要分布在包气带中,而在厂区外围则主要分布在含水层中。该公司在历史上倾倒在地表的四氯化碳清洗剂,在厂区内通过垂直入渗进入含水层,而后受场地地下水流场的控制,沿地下水主要流向向厂区东部水源井水平运移。现状场地内不存在饱和浓度的四氯化碳污染团(DNAPL Poll)。土壤四氯化碳污染晕的分布主要受污染源的距离、岩性、水动力条件、四氯化碳的自然降解和水源井抽水等因素的控制。     

南阳市城市傍河水源地水质安全评价

水是生命之源,获得安全饮用水是人类生存的基本需求。水质安全是饮用水安全的重要方面,直接关系到人体健康。白河傍河地下水是南阳市城市主要饮用水水源地,白河水是水源地的补给来源,河水与傍河地下水密切相关。采用单因子评价法和综合指数法,本文评价了补源水和傍河水源地的水质安全状况,提出了水源地管理保护的措施。     

大沽河含水层抽水试验设计与分析

为正确评价大沽河水源地的地下水资源量,更好地开发利用地下水,在大沽河流域中游地区设计并实施砾砂含水层稳定流完整井多孔抽水试验工作,通过抽水试验取得含水层成分和监测数据,计算试验区的水文地质参数,包括渗透系数和影响半径,并通过试验区基本情况分析探求监测数据差异的原因,同时筛选出有效的渗透系数和影响半径,为计算大沽河水源的水资源量提供重要依据。     

地下水应急开采对兰州三滩傍河水源地的影响

通过建立兰州"三滩"傍河水源地松散岩类孔隙水地下水流数值模拟模型,并根据研究区水文地质条件合理设计地下水应急开采方案,分析了应急开采对黄河水侧渗补给的影响以及水源地地下水位未来5a的演化趋势。结果显示,应急开采条件下,激发了黄河的侧渗补给量,随着时间的推移地下水补采平衡,5a预测期内傍河水源地地下水位未出现持续下降,预测期末水位趋于稳定。     

河北省地下水饮用水源地水质变化分析

为了科学分析近年来河北省地下水饮用水源地的水质状况,以河北省42个地下水饮用水源地2000、2018年的24项指标作为评价对象,结合单一指标评价法与综合评价法分析水质状况,并进行原因分析。结果表明：相较于2000年,2018年19项水质指标污染程度均减轻,氟化物污染程度较重,新增4项超标水质指标;安全水源地比例增加了11.9%,且极差水源地消失,但优良水源地也消失;水源地保护区内耕地面积减小,林地面积增大,建设用地面积增大,农业污染面积减小,工业和生活污染面积增大;污染物主要来源于农业化肥、工业废水和生活垃圾污染3个方面,且地下水超采也会对水质造成影响。研究结果可以对河北省地下水饮用水源地管理和保护提供科学依据和实践支撑。     

Spatial Assessment of Water Quality in Peripheral Rivers of Dhaka City for Optimal Relocation of Water Intake Point

In order to meet the ever increasing demand of drinking water, Dhaka Water Supply Authority (DWASA) of Bangladesh has installed a number of deep tube wells that tap the upper aquifers. However, in most parts of the city, the current groundwater abstraction exceeds the recharge rate, causing the groundwater to be mined systematically and be depleted of its reserve. Thus, there is an urgent need to alleviate the demand on the upper aquifers and explore more sustainable sources to augment the present water supply. This implies a conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in order to maintain the balance between anthropogenic demand and water’s natural availability. However, the surface water along these peripheral rivers is known to be highly polluted due to municipal and industrial untreated wastewaters that are discharged. This study analyzes the present water quality scenario along the surrounding rivers of Dhaka City pertaining to a 2-day field survey during the dry season of 2005. It uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool to arrive at a solution for relocation of the current intake point for surface water withdrawal. Derivation of water quality profiles (as a function of distance) along the downstream and upstream reaches of the current intake location indicated that a new location 12 km upstream of the present intake point could potentially be ideal for withdrawing surface water during the monsoon season. Such a proposed location was considered optimal due to the anticipated moderate construction costs of the transmission system that would be necessary to draw water to the current treatment plant. The study lays the foundations for the Dhaka City planners and designers to make a qualitative resource assessment of surface water. Such an assessment can eventually evolve to a long-term monitoring system of water supply sources for any city using GIS tools.     

基于水文分割法的鄱阳湖入湖非点源污染研究

为研究鄱阳湖流域非点源污染情况,选取鄱阳湖入湖主要河流为研究对象,利用各河流入湖控制站对流域径流量及水质进行同步监测,借鉴水文分割法的原理,应用非点源污染负荷估算公式,探求径流氮、磷负荷入湖规律。结果表明：2008年赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修水等五河及博阳河、西河入湖氨氮和总磷的污染负荷(溶解态)为入湖非点源污染物的主要来源,占总入湖负荷的68%～76％;在空间分布上,入湖五河中赣江对入湖非点源污染负荷的贡献占绝对优势。根据分析结果,鄱阳湖的水污染治理应主要针对非点源污染,且重点在赣江流域。     

水源热泵影响下地下水温度主控因素关联度分析

为研究地下水源热泵长期影响下,地下水温度主控因素的变化特征,选择安阳市第五人民医院为研究区,将地下水温度作为典型的灰色系统进行研究,采用灰色关联度的计算方法进行地下水温度、地下水位埋深、气温、降水量以及回水井水温之间的关联度分析,获取地下水温变化的主控因素。研究结果表明:在不受水源热泵影响时,地下水位埋深是地下水温度的主控因素。在水源热泵影响下,地下水温受气温、降水量、地下水位埋深和回水井水温的共同影响:在垂向上,回水井水温对监测井水温的影响程度随着深度的增大而逐渐降低,地下水温度的主控因素由回水井水温转变为地下水位埋深,在水平方向上,回水井水温对监测井水温的影响程度随着距离的增大而逐渐减小,地下水温度的主控因素由回水井水温转变为气温和地下水位埋深。     

Development of a Master Plan for Water Pollution Control Using MCDM Techniques: A Case Study

Abstract

Excessive demand for water due to a growing population, agricultural, and industrial development, along with climate change and depletion of nonrenewable resources have intensified the need for integrated water resources management and water pollution control. This paper presents different aspects of a master plan for water pollution control and the results of a case study for developing a master plan for water resources pollution control in Isfahan Province in Iran. Different components of the water resources system and pollution sources in the study area were identified and the effects of each of the pollution sources on surface and groundwater resources contamination were investigated. Two Multiple Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, namely Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method and Analytical Hierarchy Structure (AHP) were used in order to determine the share of agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors in polluting the water resources. In the application of MCDM techniques, engineering judgments and the information gathered from brain storming sessions with engineering experts and the agencies' officials have also been incorporated in order to overcome the data deficiency in this region for this type of analysis. Based on this study, several specific major categories of water pollution reduction projects were defined and in each category, several projects were identified. The total cost of implementation of the projects was also estimated and the projects were prioritized based on their potential impact on water pollution control.     

枣庄市地下水环境问题与防治对策

十里泉、丁庄—东王庄水源地是枣庄市重要的供水水源地。由于该地区长期处于超采状态,地下水水位持续下降,使地下水动力条件发生变化;地下水对上部土体产生淘空作用,破坏了岩层的自然平衡状态,引起岩溶塌陷;峄城盆地第四系岩层中的粘土具有膨胀性,随着地下水水位下降,干裂收缩,产生地裂缝,抽水活动在含水层内部形成远井径向的拉张区,加速了地裂缝的活动;地表生活污水和工业废水向地下渗透,使十里泉的地下水受到严重污染。根据上述水环境问题,提出了防治地下水环境恶化的措施:加强水资源管理,减少开采量,调整开采井布局;开发新水源,节约用水;建立节水型农业和实施防污工程等。     

基于MODFLOW模型滹沱河傍河地下水源地保护区划分

科学合理地划分地下饮用水源地保护区,能够以最精准的范围和较低的经济成本来预防水源受到污染。基于MODFLOW模型对石家庄市滹沱河新调整的地下水源地的地下水流场进行模拟计算,采用MODPATH计算了2种不同工况下示踪粒子反向运移100和1 000 d的运移轨迹。结果表明,2种工况下示踪粒子在100 d末的平均运移距离分别为0.54和0.49 km;示踪粒子在1 000 d末的平均运移距离分别为6.1和5.6 km。此外,还分析了入渗场使用条件下地下水流场的变化。分析2种工况的计算结果表明,水源地的抽水井概化成井群时,示踪粒子反向运移的轨迹几何形状更加规则,且迁移距离相对较短。同时,考虑到入渗场补水情况,故将整个入渗场范围纳入一级保护区。     

减轻潮州城区浸没影响的工程措施及效果分析

潮州城区由于水库的修建带来浸没问题。经过分析,利用城区渗流场具有的两河间单向渗流的特性,采取悬挂式截渗墙、减压井等工程措施,并布置地下水监测网络。分析蓄水后的监测资料和相关运行记录,可明显看出减压井的工作效果。潮州老城区地下水位情况基本上与设计预测状态相符。城郊个别区域尚存在溢水或承压现象,也做了相应的分析和处理。     

Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the North-Eastern Region of Bangladesh

Water is essential for economic, social, and environmental development. Global water resources are vulnerable due to increasing demand related to population growth, pollution potential, and climate change. Competition for water between different sectors is increasing. To meet the increasing demand, the use of groundwater is increasing worldwide. In this paper, the water-table dynamics of the north-eastern region of Bangladesh were studied using the MEKESENS software. This study reveals that the depth to water-table (WT) of almost all the wells is declining slowly. In many cases, the depth will approximately double by the year 2040, and almost all will double by 2060, if the present trend continues. If the decline of the water-table is allowed to continue in the long run, the result could be a serious threat to the ecology and to the sustainability of food production, which is vital for the nation’s food security. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken to sustain water resources and thereby agricultural production. Demand-side management of water and the development of alternative surface water sources seem to be viable strategies for the area. These strategies could be employed to reduce pressure on groundwater and thus maintain the sustainability of the resource.     

Estimation of Groundwater Recharge from the Rainfall and Irrigation in an Arid Environment Using Inverse Modeling Approach and RS

Quantifying recharge from agricultural areas is important to sustain long-term groundwater use, make intelligent groundwater allocation decisions, and develop on-farm water management strategies. The scarcity of data in many arid regions, especially in the Middle East, has necessitated the use of combined mathematical models and field observations to estimate groundwater recharge. This study was designed to assess the recharge contribution to groundwater from rainfall and irrigation return flow in the Mosian plain, west of Iran. The Inverse modeling approach and remote sensing technology (RS) were used to quantify the groundwater recharge. The recharge for steady–state conditions was estimated using the Recharge Package of MODFLOW. The land-use map for the research area was produced using remote sensing and satellite images technology. According to results, groundwater recharge from the rainfall and irrigation return flow was at the rate of 0.15 mm/day. The recharge to the groundwater from rainfall was about 0.08 mm/day (10.8 % of total rainfall). The average of groundwater recharge contribution in the study area was about 0.39 mm/day that include 15.2 % of the total water used in the irrigated fields. We can conclude that irrigation water is the most important resource of groundwater recharge in this area, consequently, it should be integrated into relevant hydrological models as the main source of groundwater recharge.