适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一泥沙颗粒起动流速公式

为得到冰盖流条件下的非黏性泥沙起动公式,揭示冰期河道断面强烈冲淤变化的机理,基于Einstein假定,推导得到了同时适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一的非黏性泥沙颗粒起动流速公式,所得公式与已有冰下泥沙起动流速试验数据符合良好。当冰盖糙率为0时,冰盖流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式即化为明渠流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式。应用所得公式,比较了明渠流、冰盖流、冰塞条件下的起动流速及可起动最大泥沙粒径关系,冰塞条件下起动流速最小,可起动最大泥沙粒径最大。2014年冰期黄河头道拐断面发生强烈冲淤变化,是冰花集聚形成冰塞引起可起动最大泥沙粒径增大所致。所得公式及所揭示机理,将为进一步深入研究河道冰期泥沙输移规律提供重要思路和参考。     

关于冰盖流研究应用Einstein假定的探讨

以二维紊流为例,从理论上对冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定进行了分析,认为:①冰盖流的水流并不能简单分区;②若假定冰盖区和床面区的能坡相等,则水力半径分割法在宽浅河流上应用时将导致谬误;③若假定冰盖区、床面区及过流断面的平均流速相等,则会推导出冰盖糙率和床面糙率相等的谬论.因此,在冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定值得商榷.     

河岸糙率对明渠宽深比影响的研究

研究了河岸河床相对糙率对明渠宽深比的影响。根据定床渠道、临界渠道和动床渠道3种类型渠道,采用最小能耗率原理,分别构建了宽深比计算的优化模型。结合综合糙率公式,利用条件极值问题优化计算方法,得到了不同类型渠道条件下的宽深比与河岸河床相对糙率之间的定量关系。分析计算结果表明,定床明渠随河岸糙率的增大,宽深比增大;而临界渠道和动床渠道随河岸糙率的增大,宽深比减小。河岸糙率大于河床糙率时,定床渠道为了降低河岸高糙率对流量的影响,从而宽深比增大;而临界渠道和动床渠道,由于河岸糙率大时其抗冲能力大,因而宽深比减小。这些结论可供明渠水力设计时参考。     

潮汐河段糙率n的计算分析

针对平原河道糙率计算方法,探讨受潮汐影响的宽浅河段糙率计算。以长江河口段为例,分析潮周期内流量变化过程以及流速沿水深分布特征,选取落潮稳定时段,利用流速垂线分布特征及Einsten断面综合糙率计算方法计算河道糙率。利用明渠非恒定流圣维南方程,推算涨落潮历时过程中计算河段逐时河道糙率n,分析非恒定流量变化d Q/dt对糙率影响,反映了潮汐河段河道糙率变化特征,分析其落潮过程中,随水位降落洲滩水深植被等影响下河道糙率的变化情况,采用落潮稳定期天然实测资料,进行代表性断面测点垂线流速分布特征,综合糙率计算法和河道水力计算推求糙率法,分析确定河道糙率。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

北方河流冰期水流阻力分析

本文通过由流速分布推求冰期河道冰盖糙率系数,提出了由流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法,同时考虑冰盖影响区与河床的流速分布,确定最大流速位置,阐述了冰盖对水流的阻力是研究河道冰情演变及其运动规律的依据.并对河道冰期形成冰盖,其阻力使河道水位升高、过流能力降低、水位流量关系改变.流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法进行了分析.为北方地区基层测站的冰期测验工作提供参考.     

矩形渠道人工加糙壁面阻力规律试验研究

为研究矩形渠道水流的阻力规律,采用了3种不同粗糙度的人工加糙渠道进行试验。研究结果表明在均匀流条件下,对同一粗糙度明渠,水力条件变化时糙率系数不是恒定不变的,它会随着流量的加大而呈对数减小,随着渠道宽深比的增大而呈对数增大,同时随着雷诺数Re和弗汝德数Fr的增加而呈幂函数减小。同时表明,不同的壁面粗糙度对糙率系数影响很大,进而影响水流的水力特性。即流量相同条件下,当壁面粗糙度增大时,断面水深增大,平均流速减小,雷诺数和弗汝德数均减小。并根据试验资料拟合出了糙率系数和等效粗糙度之间的关系式。     

矩形明渠流速分布律及流量自动化测量方法

分析明渠水槽试验结果,建立了矩形断面明渠流速沿垂线分布的抛物线公式和流速横向分布的乘幂函数公式,拟合分析给出了流速分布系数的确定方法.根据提出的明渠流速分布律,给出了确定明渠流量的简易方法,计算相对误差较小,满足明渠流量计算的精度要求.并在此基础上设计了实用流量自动化测量系统.     

不同边壁条件下矩形明渠水力特性实验研究

为了研究明渠水流水力特性变化规律,在室内实验的基础上,采用矩形明渠变坡水槽,通过改变边壁条件、坡度和流量进行实验,得到了较好的实验数据。实验结果表明:边壁条件和坡度相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水深呈线性增加,平均流速和雷诺数呈现幂函数增大;当Fr1时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而增加;当1Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加先增加而后减小;当Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而减小;曼宁糙率系数随着流量的增加呈对数减小趋势。边壁条件和流量相同的情况下,随着坡度的增大,水深呈减小趋势,平均流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数和曼宁糙率系数均呈现增加的趋势。并由实验数据得出了雷诺数与坡度和流量关系的经验公式。     

基于涡黏度模型的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解

冰盖的存在显著改变了河道水流结构，使流速垂向分布关于零切应力平抛物线面呈型。考虑到准确预测冰盖下水流流速分布是计算冰封河道流量、泥沙输移率和河床演变预估的基础，本文应用双层假定和冰盖流涡黏度模型，推导出一个物理意义明确且速度梯度连续的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解，并明确常见的冰盖流对数流速公式和双幂律流速公式的应用条件。采用水槽实测数据和原型实验数据，对比分析所提出的解析解与现有对数公式和双幂律公式的有效性和精确性，并基于本文解析解探究了纵向时均流速垂向分布对各物理特征参数的敏感性。结果表明，该解析解的流速计算值与实测值吻合较好且较现有对数公式和双幂律公式具有较高精度;雷诺数的较小变化并不会引起纵向时均流速垂向分布的较大改变，但流速分布对冰盖糙率与河床糙率的相对值比较敏感，且纵向时均流速的最大值偏向于较光滑边界一侧，该结论与以往基于k-ε湍流模型所得到的数值结果是一致的，再次证实了本文解析解的有效性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。