含特高压直流的多馈入交直流系统动态特性仿真

以研究2010年南方电网动态特性为目的，提出了含±800 kV特高压直流的多馈入交直流系统动态特性仿真研究重点，解决了大规模多馈入交直流系统电磁暂态仿真时系统等值、模型处理以及仿真步骤等问题。依此运用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件，建立了包含±800 kV云广特高压直流等5条直流输电线路的电磁暂态仿真模型，研究中换流器模型采用详细模型。在此基础上研究了交直流系统各种故障下的动态特性，研究结果为南方电网规划及安全稳定措施的制定提供了理论依据。提出建立电磁暂态仿真模型，为研究大规模含特高压直流的多馈入交直流系统的动态特性提供了一套可行的方法。     

直流双极闭锁故障下提高暂态电压稳定性策略探讨

南方电网2015年将形成多条直流输电线路并联交流电网的局面。文中对直流输电的严重故障——双极闭锁故障进行了深入的仿真研究。分析了由此导致的暂态电压稳定问题，从原理上对该问题进行了理论分析，通过仿真计算证实了理论分析的合理性。提出了一种新的保留故障直流线路处的电容器组的策略，以提高故障下的暂态稳定性。通过仿真说明了这种方法的可行性。     

大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算的相关问题

针对大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算中涉及到的几个相关问题进行了讨论。指出用于大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算的最有效的工具是带有用户自定义功能的交直流电力系统数字仿真程序，传统的动模试验和最新出现的实时数字仿真器并不适合于对大规模交直流电力系统进行系统研究。通过考察直流输电换流器准稳态模型导出的条件，阐明了直流输电换流器的准稳态模型在交流系统不对称故障期间是不适用的。论证了影响逆变器换相失败的因素有多个，重点研究了触发越前角、换流站交流母线电压跌落，直流电流增大以及换流变压器短路阻抗等因素对换相失败的影响。通过实例论证了交流系统故障时直流输电系统的动态响应特性，必须在仿真过程中通过对直流输电系统及其控制器的行为进行精确的仿真计算才能得出，凭经验事先估计直流输电系统在交流系统故障时的响应特性是不科学和不可靠的。     

高压直流输电系统谐波计算软件包开发与应用

为提高直流输电系统谐波计算的准确性,采用交直流基波和谐波统一计算的原理,应用 VC++和Delphi语言开发了直流输电系统谐波计算软件,可同时计算含有多个直流输电系统换流站、直流线路及交流系统各母线和各支路的基波潮流、特征谐波和非特征谐波电压、电流,计算各母线谐波电压畸变率及系统谐波损耗;同时,根据直流输电线路、接地线等结构参数,计算直流输电线路的谐波参数;并提供了数据的各种输入、编辑和维护、查询功能,可方便地调整交、直流滤波器的类型和参数。利用该软计对南方电网含有5条直流线路的系统进行了计算,程序运行稳定,结果可靠;并将±800 kV云广直流输电系统的计算结果与EMTDC仿真结果进行了比较,表明该软件具有计算速度快、结果准确、使用方便、通用性好等特点。     

特高压直流输电线路暂态能量保护

在分析±800 kV特高压直流输电线路区内外故障、雷击等暂态过程的基础上,提出了一种特高压直流输电线路暂态能量保护新原理。该原理根据各种暂态过程中线路两侧低频能量差值的故障特征,实现了区内故障及其故障极的快速准确识别。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的大量仿真验证,结果表明该保护原理简单、可靠、实用性强,具有绝对的选择性,不受雷击干扰、两极线路电磁耦合和换相失败的影响,高阻接地故障仍具有足够的灵敏性,能满足特高压直流线路对保护性能的要求,可在当前高压直流控制保护系统硬件条件下实现。     

两电平VSC-HVDC系统直流侧接地方式选择

基于开关函数法对两电平电压源换流器型高压直流（VSC-HVDC）系统进行了建模,分析了正弦脉宽调制（SPWM）时VSC的谐波特性,指出零序的载波频率次谐波电压、电流是VSC交流侧的主要谐波分量,推导了该零序谐波电流经开关函数中的基波分量作用后将在直流侧形成载波频率次不平衡谐波电流。发现了直流侧不平衡谐波电流流通路径与直流侧的接地方式密切相关,只有VSC-HVDC系统两端直流侧都接地,直流侧不平衡谐波电流才能通过本端直流侧接地点和交流侧高通滤波器接地点流通而被限制在本地,否则该高频谐波电流将在输电线路上流通,从而引发一系列危害。在PSCAD/EMTDC下搭建VSC-HVDC系统进行了仿真分析,验证了以上结果,提出了两电平VSC-HVDC系统需要采用两端直流侧都接地的拓扑结构。     

耦合双回线路任意点故障的仿真

在分析计及耦合的双回输电线路波过程的基础上，建立了双回线的扩展Bergeron模型。以此为出发点针对线路故障的电磁暂态仿真问题，对EMTP的耦合线路故障预处理方法进行了改进，使系统无需重新进行初始值及稳态计算而应用历史值即可完成新增短路节点的计算。该算法在分析双回线路任意点故障的电磁暂态以及线路保护仿真校验等方面具有重要意义。     

基于电容能量的海上风电柔性直流快速功率控制

经过柔性直流输电并网的海上风电会对电力系统的稳定性产生显著影响,按照GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》要求,海上风电厂需要具备快速调节有功功率的能力。研究并提出了一种利用柔性直流换流器分布式电容存储的能量来实现海上风电并网点有功功率紧急调节的控制方法。通过设计特定的电容电压变化曲线,实现交流功率按照预定的目标曲线变化,而且在调节过程中不会对直流侧有功功率和直流电压产生扰动,可避免影响直流侧系统的运行。在此基础上,通过开展电磁暂态仿真,验证了该控制方法的有效性。研究成果可为经柔性直流输电并网的海上风电提供一种无需加装额外设备、对直流侧无扰动的有功功率快速调节途径,并能有效提高海上风电的并网性能指标。     

采用新型换流变压器的直流输电稳态模型

从2个方面分析了用于测试直流输电运行及控制性能的稳态模型（经典模型）存在的不足，提出了采用新型换流变压器的新的直流输电稳态模型，比较了其与经典模型在结构上的差异，阐述了新型换流变压器的设计特点及利用变压器耦合绕组的谐波安匝平衡作为滤波机理的新型滤波方式，并给出了新模型下换流器的稳态方程。通过详细的仿真计算，对比分析了经典模型与新模型各自的仿真结果，验证了所提出模型的正确性及其在抑制谐波与改善系统稳态运行性能方面的优越性。     

基于PSASP的直流系统用户自定义建模

针对大规模交直流电力系统机电暂态仿真时采用程序缺省的直流输电模型不能有效描述实际直流输电特性的问题，以实际直流系统为参考，利用PSASP用户自定义建模环境，采用注入功率法建立高压直流用户自定义模型。此自定义直流模型由潮流模型和稳定模型2部分组成，稳定模型涵盖实际直流控制器的主要控制功能模型以及变压器分接头控制、无功控制等辅助功能模型。以EPRI-7节点系统为例，研究在不同工作状态下自定义直流模型系统的特性，仿真结果证明了模型的合理性。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.