大型泵站箱形进水流道内部流动数值模拟

箱形进水流道在我国的大型低扬程双向泵站已有较多的应用。本文应用雷诺时均方程和标准k—ε紊流模型对某大型泵站的箱形进水流道内部三维流动进行数值模拟,深入分析了进水流道内不同断面的流速和压力分布,揭示了箱型进水流道内水流的流动规律,并预测了不同工况下进水流道内的水力损失,计算结果可供大型低扬程泵站的设计、改造参考。     

迷宫流道断面形状对灌水器水力性能的影响

为研究矩形迷宫流道断面形状对灌水器水力性能的影响,利用软件FLUENT6.1软件对5种流道断面形状不同的矩形迷宫流道内水流运动进行数值模拟,通过模拟得到的灌水器压力～流量关系和灌水器内水流流速分布分析得出：1）流量系数、流态指数均与断面湿周呈正相关,断面湿周越大流量波动性及对压力的敏感程度越大;2）流道断面湿周较小的L1型迷宫灌水器其流态指数小于其它4种,小于0.57,说明该灌水器内水流为紊流,其压力补偿性较高;3）灌水器流道内水流具有重复性;4）流道断面形状对灌水器内水流流速分布不会产生较大影响。因此,在灌水器流道断面为矩形且面积相同的情况下,流道断面为正方形的灌水器的水力性能要优于其它断面形状的灌水器,且流道断面湿周越小,灌水器的压力补偿性越高,系统灌溉均匀度越高。     

Hydraulic and turbulence structure of triangular labyrinth weir‐pool fishways

Detailed laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate a new weir‐pool fishway design. The new design consisted of a series of one‐cycle, triangular labyrinth weirs that formed a weir‐pool fish passage. Hydraulic characteristics of flow over the proposed fishway were examined for three pool lengths and a wide range of discharges. It was found that the new design had superior discharge capacity over classical weir‐pool fishways in plunging flow regime. Spatial and point analyses of measured velocity data were carried out to understand turbulence structure and distribution of turbulent flow. The power dissipation per unit volume was calculated for different tests, and it varied nonlinearly with discharge. Based on the limiting criteria for energy dissipation rates of different fish species, the maximum operating discharge for different slopes was extracted for the proposed design. The model‐to‐prototype scaling analysis was performed based on the recommended scaling factor of three for prototype. It was found that the approach velocity of prototype increased by 12%, whereas the total discharge increased by more than five times. The contour plots of time‐averaged velocity indicated that the proposed fishways offered diversified flow fields without exceeding the maximum velocity above the standards recommended for weir‐pool fishways. To study the size, direction, and periodicity of turbulent eddies, magnitude of the most energetic eddy and dominant frequencies were extracted using power spectrum analysis. Quadrant analysis consistently showed that Reynolds shear stresses in ejection and sweep events became weaker as the pool length increased. The small region of strong ejection and sweep events evidenced a good resting place for fish migration, whereas the generated turbulence was large enough to attract fish species to use the passage.     

相变材料水下自吸式堵漏状态试验研究

在汛期等极端条件下,渗漏是溃堤、垮坝的先兆险情,及时有效地应急处理渗漏病害是切断堤坝溃决灾害链的关键举措。基于一种水下熔化相变材料应急封堵渗漏通道的新方法,开展了石蜡材料水下熔融、渗漏通道自吸入式封堵的试验研究,分析了其封堵效果并总结了相关规律。通过分段量测渗漏通道中的石蜡,经卷积平滑处理出封堵材料沿封堵长度的质量分布曲线,定性描述了石蜡封堵材料在渗漏通道中凝固后的分布情况,并分析了封堵完成后的残余材料。结果表明:封堵过程中,熔融的石蜡材料与周围水体结合良好,易涌入渗漏通道,可实现稳定封堵;封堵长度和有效封堵材料量与初始渗漏流速正相关,封堵线密度随着初始渗漏流速的增加而减小;针对石蜡封堵状态的特征,可将封堵长度划分为碎裂密实段、松散破碎段和断裂密实段。封堵完成后,设备中的残余材料剖面呈楔形状,且残余质量波动幅度较小。     

水锤泵内部流道优化及性能研究

水锤泵是一种不用电和油的自动泵水机械,在缺电、无电的山区、农村具有广阔的应用前景。为解决传统设计过程中难以对流道进行评析、研发周期长以及产品性能低的难题,提出了水头损失系数、阀瓣升力系数、阀瓣受力偏心距和出口流速分布均匀度的水锤泵内部流道评价指标和相应的数学模型,建立了采用前扩式和后扩式流道的水锤泵数值模型,并进行了分析对比。前扩式和后扩式流道的水头损失系数分别为4.51和3.72,泄水阀的升力系数分别为4.11和2.23,泄水阀受力来流方向的偏心距分别为0.21 mm和2.02 mm,泄水阀出口的流速分布均匀度分别为47.8%和69.2%。经对比,后扩式流道的水头损失系数和泄水阀升力系数小,受力偏心距大,出口流速分布均匀度高,是一种较为合理的布置形式。选择后扩式流道制造生产了新型水锤泵,在不同作用水头和扬程下进行多工况性能测试,建立了扬水量评估公式,给出了所需的来水量。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAKAGE FLOW THROUGH TWO LABYRINTH SEALS

The leakage flow through two labyrinth seals, e.g the interlocking seal and the stepped seal, was numerically investigated. Preliminary calculation of the seal-cavity averaged pressure by using the one-dimensional control volume method showed favorable agreement with the experimental measurements. Subsequently, in-depth understanding of the fluid flow through the labyrinth seals was obtained by employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and k ?ε turbulence model, which resulted in a potential wealth of information like the streamline pattern, velocity vector field, and distribution of turbulent kinetic energy and static pressure. At the clearance of the seal the turbulent kinetic energy reached the peak value, while in the bulk region of the cavities it decayed fast. The static pressure rapidly dropped as the fluid flow went through the clearance; no distinct difference of the static pressure was inspected in the cavities. Also noted from the numerical results was that the stepped seal showed better sealing performance than the interlocking seal.     

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TORTUOUS FLOW IN PATH DRIP IRRIGATION EMITTER

1. INTRODUCTION The emitter is a device used to dissipate pressure and to discharge water at a constant rate by dissipating the energy when pressured water flows through its narrow and long internal path structure or micro-orifice. It is the main componen…     

Numerical prediction of 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness in a centrifugal pump under part-load condition

Numerical simulation and 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness analysis for a centrifugal pump with volute are carried out in whole flow passage, including the impeller with twisted blades, the volute and the side chamber channels under a part-load condition. The pressure fluctuation intensity coefficient （PFIC） based on the standard deviation method, the time-averaged velocity unsteadiness intensity coefficient （VUIC） and the time-averaged turbulence intensity coefficient （TIC） are defined by averaging the results at each grid node for an entire impeller revolution period. Therefore, the strength distributions of the periodic flow unsteadiness based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations can be analyzed directly and in detail. It is shown that under the 0.6Qd~. condition, the pressure fluctuation intensity is larger near the blade pressure side than near the suction side, and a high fluctuation intensity can be observed at the beginning section of the spiral of the volute. The flow velocity unsteadiness intensity is larger near the blade suction side than near the pressure side. A strong turbulence intensity can be found near the blade suction side, the impeller shroud side as well as in the side chamber. The leakage flow has a significant effect on the inflow of the impeller, and can increase both the flow velocity unsteadiness intensity and the turbulence intensity near the wall. The accumulative flow unstea- diness results of an impeller revolution can be an important aspect to be considered in the centrifugal pump optimum design for obtaining a more stable inner flow of the pump and reducing the flow-induced vibration and noise in certain components.     

滴灌灌水器迷宫式流道内部流体流动特性分析与试验研究

选取目前中国农业灌溉领域中最为典型的六种迷宫式流道滴灌管，利用精密读数显微镜与AutoCAD技术相结合的测量方式测定了流道几何参数，利用自行研制的灌水器水力性能测试平台测量了六种滴灌灌水器在不同压力条件下的自由出流流量，并研究了灌水器流道内部的流动特性。结果表明：低压运行对灌水器的水力性能有一定影响，但不显著；流道断面统计平均流速在0．08—0．90m／s之间；迷宫式流道内部流体流动的雷诺数R,为105—930，层流和紊流的流态转捩的临界雷诺数比常规尺度流道的值要小，低于255。     

渗流的颗粒流细观模拟

本文基于颗粒流理论，运用PFC^2D计算程序的FISHTANK函数库和FISH语言，定义了细观角度概念——流体域，并分别定义了流体域的流动方程和压力方程，将颗粒体与流体域耦合，推导出颗粒流理论显式求解的稳定条件，成功地对土中的渗流进行了模拟，得到了渗流过程中压力和流速的变化规律。结果表明，运用PFC^2D程序模拟的渗流规律符合达西定律，这一结果为PFC^2D在渗流和渗透破坏等方面的深入研究应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

虹吸井和排水口泄流三维数值模拟及堰型优化

采用k-ε湍流模型封闭Reynods方程及VOF法追踪自由水面,对南迪普火电厂虹吸井和排水口的排水过程进行了三维数值模拟,其结果与模型试验结果吻合良好,表明三维数学模型用于虹吸井和排水口泄流模拟是可行的。在此基础上,针对原设计方案虹吸井溢流堰泄流偏于一侧、流速分布不均匀等缺点,分析了迷宫堰取代原方案折型堰后的流态,经三维数值模拟验证,迷宫堰堰上过流量及堰后流速分布基本均匀对称,是一种较为理想的堰型。     

具有变截面流道的圆柱容器内流经环形填充层流动的研究

本文提出了具有变截面中心流道的圆柱容器内流经环形填充层流体流动的数学模型,并且对这一数学模型进行了计算和实验验证。结果表明,在中心流道截面积沿轴向作适当变化的情况下,仅增加有限的压降损失,便可以明显地改善径向流经填充层的速度分布的不均匀性。     

齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼在竖缝式鱼道模型中的上溯行为研究

为了解齐口裂腹鱼在鱼道中的上溯情况,在大比尺竖缝式鱼道物理模型中开展了以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为过鱼对象的过鱼试验研究。试验中对通过时间、通过率和上溯轨迹进行了记录,并运用Spearman秩相关分析对齐口裂腹鱼的上溯轨迹和池室结构的水力因子(流速、紊动能、总水力应变)进行了分析。研究发现,试验用鱼通过时间平均值为132.7s,多数鱼倾向于快速通过鱼道完成上溯。试验鱼道通过率为71.9%,过鱼效果良好。多数齐口裂腹鱼上溯过程中会避开高流速区、高紊动能区和高水力应变区,在池室内齐口裂腹鱼上溯轨迹主要分布于上述参数较低的右侧回流区和隔板背水面,竖缝断面处多数齐口裂腹鱼选择上述参数相对较低的隔板侧区域通过。研究结果可为相关竖缝式鱼道设计和实践提供参考。     

河道改造对弯曲河段的水力影响模拟研究

以浏阳河朝正垸急弯河段为例 ,采用MIKE21水动力平面二维水流 -泥沙模型先进行率定 ,综合考虑长沙枢纽运行后湘江水位抬升对浏阳河下游的顶托与浏阳河不同频率洪水的叠加作用 ,采用该模型对上游直线段、弯段、下游直线段的水文变化、流速变化及冲淤情势进行多工况模拟.结果表明 :对于弯曲河道尽管改造拓宽弯曲段 ,在凸岸水流流速增大 ,可能存在冲刷 ,凹岸局部会产生淤积 ,在近邻弯曲下游段凹岸局部还会产生水位壅高.结果可指导本河段防洪规划设计 ,对类似工程也具有借鉴意义.     

流道喷涂对双吸离心泵压力脉动特性影响研究

流道喷涂技术能有效提高水泵过流部件抗磨损能力并降低水力损失,但其对压力脉动特性的影响并不明确。本文采用试验的方法,对一双吸离心泵流道喷涂前后的压力脉动进行同台测试,并分析了混频幅值和频谱特性。结果表明:流道喷涂处理降低了流道粗糙度,减小了水力损失,提高了效率,但同时也改变了水泵固有的压力脉动特性。对于吸水室,喷涂处理缩小了压力脉动稳定区的范围,使小流量工况区的压力脉动峰峰值达到喷涂处理前的2.8倍,加剧了水泵在小流量工况下运行的不稳定性。对于压水室,喷涂处理使靠近隔舌区域在小流量区的压力脉动明显增加,使远离隔舌区域在大流量区的压力脉动增加。而在设计流量区域,喷涂对各个位置压力脉动影响不明显。为了使喷涂技术发挥综合效果,保证水泵运行稳定,应该尽量避免喷涂后的水泵在偏离设计流量工况运行,特别是严格避免水泵在低于0.75倍设计流量工况运行。     

大石峡水电站进水口叠梁门分层取水试验研究

为分析电站进水口采用叠梁门型式分层取水方案的可行性,本文通过1：21.05的水工模型对大石峡水电站叠梁门分层取水进水口水力特性进行了系统研究。主要研究内容包括对不同叠梁门高度取水时,进水口的水流流态、叠梁门体的压力分布、叠梁门顶及竖向流道的流速分布、进水口段总的水头损失系数等。试验结果表明：电站进水口设置叠粱门后,叠梁门顶水头大于18.0 m时不产生有害吸气旋涡,门体压力分布接近静水压力分布;进水口段的水头损失在1.17~1.30 m之间;靠近叠梁门门顶部位的水流流速较大,表层水流流速较小;叠梁门后不同高程竖向流道的水流流速接近于梯形分布,主流偏于进水塔靠下游挡墙侧。在进水口设置叠梁门进行分层取水方案是可行的。     

Swimming behaviour and ascent paths of brook trout in a corrugated culvert

Culverts may restrict fish movements under some hydraulic conditions such as shallow flow depths or high velocities. Although swimming capacity imposes limits to passage performance, behaviour also plays an important role in the ability of fish to overcome velocity barriers. Corrugated metal culverts are characterized by unsteady flow and existence of low‐velocity zones, which can improve passage success. Here, we describe swimming behaviour and ascent paths of 148 wild brook trout in a 1.5‐m section of a corrugated metal culvert located in Raquette Stream, Québec, Canada. Five passage trials were conducted in mid‐August, corresponding to specific mean cross‐sectional flow velocities ranging from 0.30 to 0.63 m/s. Fish were individually introduced to the culvert and their movements recorded with a camera located above the water. Lateral and longitudinal positions were recorded at a rate of 3 Hz in order to identify ascent paths. These positions were related to the distribution of flow depths and velocities in the culvert. Brook trout selected flow velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 m/s during their ascents, which corresponded to the available flow velocities in the culvert at the low‐flow conditions. This however resulted in the use of low‐velocity zones at higher flows, mainly located along the walls of the culvert. Some fish also used the corrugations for sheltering, although the behaviour was marginal and did not occur at the highest flow condition. This study improves knowledge on fish behaviour during culvert ascents, which is an important aspect for developing reliable and accurate estimates of fish passage ability.     

长短叶片转轮对低比速混流式机组的性能改善研究

基于计算流体动力学分析理论,对含有常规转轮和长短叶片转轮的混流式水轮机开展全流道数值分析,研究高水头下低比转速混流式水轮机转轮在不同工况下的流动现象,探明转轮加装短叶片对混流式水轮机内部流动状态的影响。在最优工况下,通过对比计算所得的两种转轮内部的流速和压力分布发现:加装短叶片以后转轮叶片吸力面进口附近的涡流得到明显抑制,长叶片的压力负荷得到减弱;增加短叶片后,转轮出口环量减小较为明显,对尾水管流态改善、转轮及机组的能量特性提高有重要作用。研究结果表明,在相同的单位参数下,相比常规叶片转轮,长短叶片转轮改善了转轮进口的入流条件,从而提升了机组的运行稳定性和能量特性,可作为高水头转轮设计的主要方向。     

立式混流泵站进出水流道水力优化

为得到某大型混流泵站进出水流道最优设计方案, 基于 CFX 软件, 对进出水流道内水流流态进行数值模拟研究。以泵站进出水流道初步设计方案为基础, 对流道型线进行优化研究: 通过调整进水流道断面参数, 得出进水流道优化方案; 通过改变虹吸式出水流道上升角与下降角, 得到水力损失最小的出水流道型式。最终结果表明: 当进水流道流速和流道长度、断面面积和流道长度的关系曲线光滑无突变时, 流道内无不良流态, 符合优化设计要求; 当出水流道上升角为22°下降角为 29°时, 泵站出水流道流速分布较为均匀、水力损失最小。由此得出所选泵站最优设计方案。所得结果对大中型泵站的流道优化有指导作用。     

圆柱型灌水器迷宫式流道内部流体流动分析与数值模拟

要想设计出高性能的滴灌灌水器必须对其内部流动机理有一个全面的了解，迷宫式流道狭窄且边界极为复杂，原型试验在技术和经济上都比较困难，常规手段难以满足流场测试要求，基于计算流体动力学理论的数值仿真研究流道内部流体流动问题是一种行之有效的方法。通过对迷宫式流道内部流体流动特性的分析，构建了表征迷宫式流道内部流动的数学物理模型；对所选取的目前中国农业灌溉领域最为典型的三种圆柱型灌水器，借助FLUENT6．1CFD流场软件分析平台实现了流道内部流速分布、涡量分布、紊流强度分布等流动特性的可视化，为新型灌水器流道研制提供一定理论基础。