辐射井取水方式数值模拟方法

简要分析了辐射井的井流特征,将辐射井的井管刻画为由一系列离散的管道和节点组成的井管,以辐射井井管与所在含水层之间的交换量作为耦合点,将离散的井管和有限差分网格耦合起来,建立辐射井取水计算模型.以陕西府谷墙头水源地为例,通过水文地质条件分析,提出黄河墙头段河谷区地下水辐射井开采方式.结合具体的水文地质结构及有关参数,利用已建立的辐射井取水的渗流-管流耦合模型计算了各方案下各个辐射井的出水量,最终确定了辐射井的允许开采量.     

神木县刘家湾水源地不同取水方式对比分析

在对研究区的水文地质条件进行分析后,设计了3种常用开采方案:廊道、辐射井和渗流井.通过引入等效渗透系数的概念构建3种取水建筑物的“渗流-管流”耦合模型,从而进行开采量的计算.计算出研究区在廊道、辐射井、渗流井的作用下允许开采量分别1.49、1.9、2.87万m3/d.计算结果表明:渗流井与相同技术条件下的廊道及辐射井相比,取水结构的出水量大,供水保证率高,并且在建议开采量下含水层的水位降深在允许范围内.最终以取水效率高为目标,确定神木县刘家湾水源地采用渗流井方式开采地下水,对研究区合理开发利用地下水具有重要意义.     

马镇渗流井现场试验及数值模拟研究

为研究马镇研究区渗流井取水效果,采用地质雷达和钻孔相结合的方法揭示研究区地层,建立三维地层结构模型。对研究区合理概化,建立地下水数值模型,并利用渗流井抽水试验对模型识别和验证,确定出水文地质参数。对模型参数进行灵敏度分析,结果表明:第四系水平渗透系数对渗流井取水效果影响最大,河流渗漏补给系数C₁值对渗流井出水量影响最小;对渗流井结构进行优化设计,得出辐射管仰角为20°～30°,洞室间距应设置在75～100 m之间时,渗流井取水效果较好。研究成果可为渗流井取水方式的广泛应用和提高取水效率提供指导。     

木头峪水源地廊道取水允许开采量计算

简要分析了廊道的水流特征,通过引入等效渗透系数,构建廊道取水的渗流-管流耦合模型,并用之于陕北佳县木头峪水源地廊道取水工程,确定了开采方案,同时计算了开采方案枯水期廊道取水的允许开采量,最终确定木头峪地下水廊道开采方式允许开采量为16 900 m3/d。建立的廊道取水数学模型能较好地反映廊道的水流特征。     

陕北佳县南河底水源地渗流井取水效果分析

为了研究渗流井在陕北佳县南河底水源地的取水效果,通过建立研究区的地下水流三维数值模型,模拟了渗流井取水结构在开采条件下的出水情况。对比分析了渗流井在单井、群井作用下的出水量情况,建议不同时期的开采量为:平水期72 300 m3/d,枯水期47 600 m3/d;指出用渗流井开采水资源时,井间干扰较小。与相同开采技术条件下的管井及廊道模型模拟结果对比,表明渗流井取水结构的出水量大,供水保证率高,并且在建议开采量下含水层的水位降在允许范围内。     

神木县合河水源地渗流井取水效果对比分析

为了研究陕西省神木县黄河谷地合河漫滩区渗流井取水效果,通过建立研究区的地下水流三维数值模型,分别模拟计算了黄河平、枯水期渗流井的出水量及其组成,对渗流井在单、群井作用下,与相同开采技术条件下的廊道及辐射井模型模拟结果进行了对比,表明渗流井取水结构的出水量大,供水保证率高,并且在建议开采量下含水层的水位降在允许范闻内.建议渗流井总开采量为:平水期35200 m3/d,枯水期27 400 m3/d.     

水平井开采地下水方案优选的实例研究

为了合理有效地开采地下水,科学地设计地下水开采方案非常关键。在陕西省北部神木县境内的合河水源地选择了廊道、辐射井和渗流井3种水平井开采地下水方式,每种方式设计了多种开采方案,其中廊道有20种方案,辐射井有2种,渗流井有2种。利用Visual MODFLOW软件,以"等效渗透系数"及"渗流-管流耦合模型"为理论基础,对不同方案进行地下水流数值模拟,并分别计算其平水期和枯水期的取水量。考虑枯水期的衰减程度、施工难度、造价及管理的难易程度等多种因素,最终确定"4眼渗流井开采"为最佳方案,其平水期总开采量为35 400m3/d,枯水期总开采量为27 500m3/d。     

岩体渗流-应力-温度三场耦合的连续介质模型

进行岩体渗流一应力—温度三场耦合研究，是为了更客观地反映作为人类工程活动地质背景的岩体的本质属性。从岩体渗流—应力—温度三者两两之间的相互作用关系出发，分别建立了应力和温度影响下的渗流场模型、沙流和温度影响下的应力场模型、渗流和应力影响下的温度场模型，耦合三者成为岩体渗流—应力—温度三场耦合的连续介质模型；并对此三场耦合模型及其数值解法进行了讨论。     

三维渗流与应力场耦合计算分析及应用研究

诸多实际工程中经常要求考虑渗流孔隙水压力对结构稳定性的影响,即渗流与结构的耦合计算问题.尝试利用ANSYS软件采用"生死单元"技术及网格自适应功能进行三维渗流场计算,采用邓肯-张原理建立应力计算数学模型,运用初始应力法进行三维应力场与渗流场的间接耦合计算.计算结果表明,该方法操作简便、结果合理,可以满足大多数工程要求.     

二维三维渗流计算在工程中的联合应用

建立二维或三维模型进行渗流计算是目前用来研究岩土工程中渗流问题常见的两种方法。以某工程围堰作为研究对象,分别采用上述两种方法对土石围堰的渗漏进行了计算分析。通过对围堰渗流量、渗流流速、渗透坡降、浸润面等表征渗漏的特征值进行对比,结果发现,二者存在一定的相合性和互补性,指出只有将二维模型和三维模型的计算结果结合起来,才能更好地反映工程实际。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．