New methods for the one-pot processing of polysaccharide components (cellulose and hemicelluloses) of lignocellulose biomass into valuable products. Part 3: Products synthesized via the biotechnological conversion of poly- and monosaccharides of biomass

Part 3 of the review discusses the modern aspects in the biotechnological synthesis of the valuable chemicals derived from the lignocellulosic biomass, including ethanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2,3-butanediol, and lactic and succinic acids. A comparative characteristic of different approaches (including SHF, SSF, SSCF and CBP) toward biosynthesis of valuable products is given. It is shown that the consolidated processing of lignocellulose into the valuable chemicals is a promising approach toward their direct synthesis by fermentation, but remains less efficient than other processing methods. Development of genetic engineering tools and the application of synthetic biology will allow to develop more efficient strains and advanced biotechnological processes for lignocellulose processing.     

New methods for the one-pot processing of polysaccharide components (cellulose and hemicelluloses) of lignocellulose biomass into valuable products. Part 1: Methods for biomass activation

Literature published mainly between 1995 and 2015 in the field of investigations aimed at finding promising new catalysts for the industrial processing of polysaccharide components of lignocellulose biomass, for new methods to achieve these processes, and for new ways of transforming polysaccharides into valuable chemicals and fuel is reviewed. In the first section, modern methods for activating lignocellulose biomass in order to separate main components and/or treat polysaccharide feedstock (cellulose, hemicelluloses) for further processing are considered. The second will deal with catalytic acidic transformations of these components into monosaccharides and furans. The third will focus on with the main focus on the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfurol the application of biotechnological enzymatic methods for producing valuable chemicals such as ethanol, isobutanol, lactic acid.     

Advances of macroalgae biomass for the third generation of bioethanol production

In recent years, utilization of renewable sources for biofuel production is gaining popularity due to growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which causes global warming. There has been a great effort in exploring alternative feedstock for bioethanol production. In this context, the production of third-generation bioethanol from macroalgae has emerged as an alternative feedstock to food crop-based starch and lignocellulosic biomass. This is mainly due to the fast growth rate of macroalgae, no competition with agricultural land, high carbohydrate content and relatively simple processing steps compared to lignocellulosic biomass. This review paper provides an insight of recent innovative approaches for macroalgae bioethanol production, including conventional and advanced hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugar, various fermentation technologies, economic analysis and life cycle assessment. With the current technology maturity, efficient utilization of macroalgae as sustainable source for bioethanol and other value-added chemicals production could be achieved in the near future.     

木质纤维素类生物质制取燃料及化学品的研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质含有丰富的纤维素和半纤维素多糖,通过微生物发酵将它们转化为能源及高附加值的化学品,对于缓解全球能源危机带来的压力和解决环境污染问题具有重要意义。介绍了木质纤维素类生物质的结构特征;评述了预处理方法,包括稀酸、高温液态水蒸气爆破、CO2爆破、氨爆、碱法、有机溶剂法、生物处理法;重点介绍由生物质生产乙醇、丁醇及生物柴油的研究现状。指出开发高效环保的预处理方法、构建耐毒高产菌株和应用连续发酵或补料批式发酵方式等是加快木质纤维素类生物质发酵利用工业化进程的关键所在。     

纤维素燃料乙醇生产技术研究进展

纤维素燃料乙醇已成为下一代燃料乙醇的必然发展方向。文章综述了近年来以木质纤维素为原料生产燃料乙醇的关键技术,重点对物理法、化学法、蒸汽爆破法、生物法等木质纤维素原料预处理技术,酸水解、酶水解等水解(糖化)技术,以及直接发酵法、水解发酵两步法、同步水解发酵法等发酵工艺进行了总结,并指出了未来纤维素乙醇的产业化过程中必须解决的关键问题和发展趋势。     

Ionic Liquids in Biomass Processing

The ionic liquids have emerged as new solvents and catalysts for processing biomass to value added chemicals and fuels. This review will present the recent developments in applications of ionic liquids in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatments, depolymerization, biodiesel synthesis, dehydration of carbohydrates to renewable feedstock chemicals as well as further transformations of biomass derived feedstocks such as furfural, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid to value added chemicals. In addition, the recycling of ionic liquids used in biomass processing is also discussed in the review.     

低共熔溶剂和次氯酸钠组合预处理秸秆及在丁醇发酵中的应用

随着传统化石能源日趋枯竭，木质纤维素生物质等可再生资源的综合利用得到越来越多的关注。为了更好地利用木质纤维素生物质，采用物理、化学或生物方法降低其结构顽抗性是必不可少的步骤。在前期研究中，本文作者所在实验室发现了一种乙胺盐酸盐为氢键受体、乳酸为氢键供体的新型低共熔溶剂（EaCl∶LAC），其对玉米芯有很好的去除半纤维素的作用。本文将EaCl∶LAC用于预处理水稻秸秆，并结合碱性氧化剂NaClO，进一步提高了木质素的去除率。在最优条件下，经EaCl∶LAC/NaClO预处理后水稻秸秆的半纤维素和木质素的去除率分别为94.9％和80.2％。将预处理后水稻稻秆经纤维素酶解可得到总还原糖浓度为60.46g/L的秸秆水解液。采用梭菌Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM13864利用稻秆水解液进行丁醇发酵，72h后丁醇浓度为10.16g/L，丁醇的糖醇产率为0.22g/g_{total sugar}。本文提供了一种提高木质纤维素生物质酶解效率和水解液还原糖浓度的方法，无需外源添加葡萄糖和脱毒处理，可直接用于发酵合成生物丁醇。     

Integrated furfural production as a renewable fuel and chemical platform from lignocellulosic biomass

Furfural is a natural precursor to furan‐based chemicals and has the potential to become a major renewable platform chemical for the production of biochemicals and biofuels. However, current industrial furfural production relies on relatively old and inefficient strategies that have hindered its capacity, and low production yields have strongly diminished its competitiveness with petroleum‐based alternatives in the global market. This mini‐review provides a critical analysis of past and current progress to enhance furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass. First, important chemical and fuel products derived from the catalytic conversion of furfural are outlined. We then discuss the importance of developing integrated production strategies to co‐produce furfural with other valuable chemicals. Furfural formation and loss chemistries are explored to understand effective methods to improve furfural yields from pentosans. Finally, selected relevant commercial and academic technologies that promise to improve lignocellulosic furfural production are discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

蔗渣纤维素乙醇的预处理技术研究进展

从蔗渣的物化特性及预处理的必要性出发,综述了近年来国内外预处理蔗渣方面发展的不同技术途径(包括物理法、化学法、生物法和联合法)及其研究进展,对各种技术的作用效果和特点进行了总结和对比分析,并对蔗渣预处理技术的发展方向予以展望。蔗渣作为糖厂的主要副产物,具有量大、集中且纤维含量高等特点,是生产第二代生物乙醇的重要潜在原料之一,对其进行有效预处理是利用其制取生物乙醇的关键,直接影响着后续的酶解糖化和乙醇发酵效果。     

纤维素乙醇发酵技术的研究进展

木质纤维素乙醇是保证能源与资源安全的非常有前景的一种产业,发酵技术是木质纤维素乙醇生产工艺的核心,发酵工艺技术的优劣对于木质纤维素乙醇生产的成本与乙醇产率具有重要的影响,决定发酵技术优劣的因素不仅有发酵和糖化的工艺策略,还包括可糖化水解纤维素和半纤维素的微生物。文章对木质纤维素乙醇的发酵技术进行了总结与讨论,主要包括相关的微生物、发酵工艺、水解和发酵策略等方面,对各个不同技术及工艺的定义,优缺点以及发展前景进行了概述。     

生物质热解制燃料油及化学品的工艺技术研究进展

从生物质热解制液体燃料油(生物油)的收率和品质两方面论述了生物质热解关键技术和热解制备液体燃料工艺。通过对比分析了传统的生物质快速热解关键技术———热解反应器、加料技术、气-固快速分离技术及热解蒸汽快速冷凝技术的研究现状、难点和不足,并提出了新型生物质快速热解关键技术———旋转筛板热解工艺。同时针对现行生物质热解制燃料油工艺存在的不足,对比分析了4种热解制取燃料油工艺,并提出了汽爆、固态发酵的生化转化与快速热解相结合制取液体燃料的方法。     

Catalysis in biomass processing

Biomass has in recent years been considered as a raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals. This work discusses the reasons for the increased interest in mainly lignocellulosic biomass. Gasification, pyrolysis, and depolymerization by hydrolysis are analyzed as key biomass technology. We also discuss which of the sugars obtained via depolymerization by hydrolysis can be processed into fuel or key intermediates of the chemical industry. Lignocellulosic biomass contains such extractants as fatty acids and terpenes, and we therefore describe the catalytic reactions of these substances for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. Some typical reactions of biomass processing (oxidation, hydrogenation, cracking, etc.) are conceptually close to the process widely known in the refining and chemical industries. There are, however, other considerations due to, e.g., the large number of functional (hydroxyl and other) groups, and the processing of biomass components therefore requires dehydration, aldol condensation, ketonization, decarboxylation, etc. We cover the fundamentals of the approaches to selecting catalysts for these reactions.     

Recent Advances in Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Ethanol is considered the most potential next generation automotive fuel because it is carbon‐neutral and could be produced from renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass. There are some technological barriers such as pretreatment, saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose matrix, and simultaneous fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars which needs to be addressed for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. This paper reviews the various process options and kinetic models adopted towards resolving the technological challenges to develop a low‐cost commercial process.     

木质纤维素衍生平台化学品制备液态烷烃的研究进展

液态烷烃C₅₊是汽油、柴油、航空燃油等当前社会的运输燃料的主要成分。本文综述了利用木质纤维素衍生平台化学品制备液体燃料的研究进展,着重总结了生物质衍生平台化学品通过碳链增长得到长链含氧化合物,然后经过加氢脱氧（HDO）得到C₇₊液体烷烃的技术研究进展。木质纤维素衍生平台化学品包括山梨醇、糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）、环戊酮、甲基呋喃、酚类、丙酮、丁醇、乙醇、乙酰丙酸、γ-戊内酯等。其中,糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛和环戊酮在碱性催化剂作用下能与其他羰基化合物发生羟醛缩合反应实现碳链增长;甲基呋喃、苯类及苯酚类衍生物可以在强酸催化作用下通过烷基化/羟烷基化反应实现碳链增长;丙酮能与乙醇、丁醇发生α-烷基化反应实现碳链增长;乙酰丙酸可以转化为戊酸、丁烯或当归内酯,再分别通过酮基化反应、烯烃齐聚反应和加成反应实现碳链增长。诸多利用生物质衍生物化学品制备长链烷烃的路径中,利用5-羟甲基糠醛和甲基呋喃制备长链烷烃的技术路线存在路径过长、原料不易获取的问题;利用环戊酮和苯酚类物质能够得到高密度长链环烷烃,是一条有竞争力的路线;糠醛和乙酰丙酸易于从生物质中大规模制取,且利用糠醛和乙酰丙酸制备长链烷烃的反应路径短,较易实现工业应用。     

Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation

Waste organic biomass is regarded as the most suitable renewable source for conversion to produce biofuels and biochemicals. Owing to its high-energy potential and abundancy, lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce alternative energy in the form of gaseous and liquid biofuels. Microbial conversion of waste biomass is the most successful technology for the generation of biohydrogen through dark fermentation. Different biological hydrogen production technologies along with process parameters are described in this review paper with the focus on dark fermentation. The production of biohydrogen from various substrates is summarized along with the integrated mode of dark fermentation and photofermentation. Hydrogen generation through biological water-gas shift reaction is also highlighted.     

New challenges for syngas fermentation: towards production of biopolymers

Organic wastes are a suitable feedstock for the production of value‐added products that have been insufficiently exploited due to their complexity, which challenges their transformation by conventional procedures. Gasification and pyrolysis of organic wastes can reduce this complexity by producing syngas (CO plus H₂ and other C1 gases), which can be used as a valuable commodity by catalytic conversion into chemicals. However, the high cost and susceptibility to poisoning of chemical catalysts have encouraged research on biocatalysts that convert C1 components of syngas into different multi‐carbon compounds. Nowadays, research on syngas fermentation is receiving much attention in order to enhance the productivity of microorganisms by remodeling their metabolism and by optimizing the bioreactor operational conditions. This review highlights the new technical achievements of pyrolysis as well as the new biotechnological uses of syngas for the production of bulk chemicals and biopolymers, discussing the major bottlenecks that challenge syngas fermentation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

合成气的生物利用与定向转化

合成气是来源于石化、煤化工以及生物质加工行业的一类重要原料气体。现有的化学催化路线可将合成气转化为氨、烯烃、甲醇等大宗化工产品,但尚无法实现选择性地合成具有较高附加值的长碳链化合物,而发展合成气的生物转化路线是克服上述难题、拓展产业链的有效策略。本文综述了随着分子遗传操作工具以及合成生物学的快速发展,合成气生物利用相关的菌株代谢工程设计、改造以及发酵工艺优化等方面的研究进展和产业化进程,并指出目前该技术路线在固碳效率、产物合成种类及产量方面还存在不足,亟待优化以满足大规模工业化推广应用的要求。本文还对合成气生物利用与转化的研究现状进行了梳理和总结,并探讨了未来的发展方向,以期为建立具有经济竞争力的合成气生物利用技术和工艺提供参考。     

木糖发酵酒精代谢工程的研究进展

木糖发酵是生物转化木质纤维素产生酒精及其他化工产品最为重要的一环,但自然界中缺少能将上述生物质有效转化为乙醇的微生物菌种. 近年来,根据代谢工程原理,利用基因工程技术对酵母和细菌进行遗传改造,或将木糖代谢途径引入传统的酒精发酵菌酿酒酵母及高酒精产生菌运动发酵单胞菌中,从而拓展其底物利用范围;或使原本可以利用多种糖底物的细菌获得选择性产生酒精的能力,构建了各种不同类型的木糖发酵重组菌株. 虽然这些重组菌株在木糖转化酒精方面均显示出良好的应用前景,但仍存在诸多问题. 有必要在对木糖代谢调控机制深入系统研究的基础上,进一步改造现有菌株,并结合生化工程技术对重组菌株发酵条件进行优化,以实现高效生物转化木质纤维素原料制取乙醇. 本工作介绍了近年来代谢工程改造微生物菌种发酵木糖生产酒精的研究进展.     

面向资源与环境的生物基化学品技术创新与展望

生物基化学品是以可再生的生物质为原料,以生物细胞或酶蛋白为催化剂合成的产品。由于摆脱了对化石原料的依赖,同时避免了石油基产品制备过程的高能耗高污染,为了资源和环境的绿色、可持续发展,以可再生的生物质资源为原料,以生物转化技术制备化学品是未来发展的主要趋势。本文对目前国内外生物基化学品研发及生产概况进行综述,预测生物基化学品制造业将朝着为原料多元化、生物转化过程高效化、产品高值化的方向发展,针对生物转化过程高效化的关键科学问题进行深入探讨,提出生物学科与其他学科交叉融合是生物基化学品制造技术未来的发展方向,包括生物技术自身融合、生物与化工技术融合及生物与过程控制技术融合。     

竹材制取生物乙醇原料预处理技术研究进展

竹子具有可再生性强、生长周期短且富含纤维素、半纤维素,是生产乙醇的重要潜在原料之一。目前有关木质纤维素乙醇的研究主要围绕原料预处理、酶解、发酵三大关键步骤进行,其中原料预处理的能耗和效率问题是该工艺的重要制约因素。本文在综述国内外木质纤维素乙醇原料预处理的基础上,着重分析了竹材的化学组成和结构以及各种竹材预处理的优缺点。包括机械粉碎法能耗大,蒸汽爆破法对设备的要求高,化学方法易造成环境污染,生物方法生产周期长、效率低,离子液体优点明显但需要更深入的研究。提出采用不同预处理工艺联合使用,以期达到优势互补的目的。