二苯并呋喃在活性炭上的吸附相平衡和动力学

The adsorption of dibenzofuran on three commercial granular activated carbons （ACs） was investigated by dynamic experiment to correlate the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics with the structure of activated carbons. Physical properties including surface area, average pore diameter, micropore area and micropore volume of the activated carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption experiment on ASAP2010. To calculate the adsorption parameters, adsorption isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir equation, and adsorption kinetic data were fitted to the linear driving force （LDF） diffusion model. From the correlation results, it is concluded that the adsorption equilibrium and diffusion coefficient of dibenzofuran on activated carbon are controlled respectively by the total adsorbent surface area and the adsorbent pore diameter.     

竹制活性炭处理酸性染料废水吸附等温线模型的误差分析(英文)

High surface area activated carbons were produced by thermal activation of waste bamboo scaffolding with phosphoric acid.Single component equilibrium dye adsorption was conducted on the carbons produced and compared with a commercially available carbon.Two acid dyes with different molecular sizes,namely Acid Yellow 117(AY117) and Acid Blue 25(AB25),were used to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the produced carbons.It was found that the dye with smaller molecular size,AB 25,was readily adsorbed onto the produced carbon,nearly three times higher than a commercially available carbon,while the larger size dye,AY117,showed little adsorption.The experimental data were analyzed using isotherm equations including Langmuir,Freundlich,Tempkin,Toth,Redlich-Peterson and Sips equations.The equilibrium data were then analyzed using five different non-linear error analysis methods.     

交联氧化铝-壳聚糖新杂化吸附剂的制备及去除废水中Cu(Ⅱ)(英文)

A novel biosorbent was developed by coating chitosan,a naturally and abundantly available biopolymer,on to activated alumina based on oil shale ash via crosslinking.The adsorbent was characterized by various techniques,such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope.Batch isothermal equilibrium adsorption experiments were condcted to evaluate the adsorbent for the removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from wastewater.The effect of pH and agitation time on the adsorption capacity was also investigated,indicating that the optimum pH was 6.0.The equilibrium adsorp-tion data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich models.The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of chitosan coated alumina sorbent as obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be 315.46 mg·g-1 for Cu(Ⅱ).The adsorbent loaded with Cu(Ⅱ) was readily regenerated using 0.1 mol?L?1 sodium hydroxide solution.All these indicated that chitosan coated alumina adsorbent not only have high adsorption activity,but also had good stability in the wastewater treatment process.     

Use of chemically activated cotton nut shell carbon for the removal of fluoride contaminated drinking water:Kinetics evaluation☆

Chemically activated cotton nut shell carbons (CTNSCs) were prepared by different chemicals and they were used for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. Effects of adsorption time, adsorbent dose, pH of the solution, initial concentration of fluoride, and temperature of the solution were studied with equilibrium, ther-modynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process by various CTNSC adsorbents. It showed that the chemical y activated CTNSCs can effectively remove fluoride from the solution. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption of fluoride by the chemical y activated CTNSC is spon-taneous and endothermic in nature. The pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided a better correlation of the experimental data in comparison with the pseudo-first-order and intra particle diffusion models. A mechanism of fluoride adsorption associating chemisorption and physisorption processes is presented allowing the discussion of the variations in adsorption behavior between these materials in terms of specific surface area and porosity. These data suggest that chemically activated CTNSCs are promising materials for fluoride sorption.     

苯-水混合蒸气在活性炭上的二元吸附平衡

Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of benzene in the concentration range of 500-4000 mg·@m-3 on two commercial activated carbons were obtained using long-column method under 30℃ and different humidity conditions. Results show that the benzene and water vapors have depression effects upon the adsorption of each other and that the unfavorable effect of water vapor resembles its single-component isotherm on activated carbon. A competitive adsorption model was proposed to explore the depression mechanisms of the non-ideal, non-similar binary adsorption systems. A modified Polanyi-Dubinin equation was set up to correlate the binary adsorption equilibrium and to calculate the isotherms of benzene on activated carbon in presence of water vapor with considerable precision.     

Hierarchical pore structure of activated carbon fabricated by CO2/microwave for volatile organic compounds adsorption

An activated carbon pore-expanding technique was achieved through innovative reactivation by CO_2/microwave.The original and modified activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microcopy,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The mesopore volume increased from 0.122 cm~3·g~(-1) to 0.270 cm~3·g~(-1),and a hierarchical pore structure was formed.A gradual decrease in the phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of activated carbon enhanced the surface inertia of granular activated carbon(GAC).The toluene desorption rate of the modified sample increased by 8.81% compared with that of the original GAC.Adsorption isotherm fittings revealed that the Langmuir model was applicable for the original and modified activated carbons.The isosteric adsorption heat of toluene on the activated carbon decreased by approximately 50%,which endowed the modified sample with excellent stability in application.The modified samples showed an enhanced desorption performance of toluene,thereby opening a way to extend the cycle life and improve the economic performance of carbon adsorbent in practical engineering applications.     

AB-8树脂吸附反式1,2环己二醇热力学和动力学(英文)

AB-8 resin was used as an adsorbent for the removal of trans-1,2-cyclohexandiol(CHD) from aqueous solutions.Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time and temperature on sorption efficiency.The adsorptive thermodynamic properties and kinetics of CHD from water onto AB-8 resin were studied.The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed to discuss the adsorption behavior.Thermodynamic parameters such as G,H and S were calculated.The results indicate that the equilibrium data are perfectly represented by Langmuir isotherm model.Thermodynamic study reveals that it is an exothermic process in nature and mainly physical adsorption enhanced by chemisorption with a decrease of entropy process.The kinetics of CHD adsorption is well described by the pseudo second-order model.The adsorbed CHD can be eluted from AB-8 resin by 5% ethanol aqueous solution with 100% elution percentage.     

超声辅助合成磁性四氧化三铁/氧化石墨烯复合物及其在染料去除中的应用（英文）

A simple ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method was developed to prepare ferroferric oxide/graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/GO MNPs). The hysteresis loop of Fe3O4/GO MNPs demonstrated that the sample was typical of superparamagnetic material. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope, and it is found that the particles are of small size. The Fe3O4/GO MNPs were further used as an adsorbent to remove Rhodamine B. The effects of initial pH of the solution, the dosage of adsorbent, temperature, contact time and the presence of interfering dyes on adsorption performance were investigated as well. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model respectively. The adsorption process followed intra-particle diffusion model with more than one process affecting the adsorption of Rhodamine B. And the adsorption process was endothermic in nature. Furthermore, the magnetic composite with a high adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B could be effectively and simply separated using an external magnetic field. And the used particles could be regenerated and recycled easily. The magnetic composite could find potential applications for the removal of dye pollutants.     

含酚废水处理的吸附和臭氧氧化动力学模型

A three phase fluidized bed reactor was used to investigate the combined effect of adsorption and oxidation for phenolic wastewater treatment.Aqueous solutions containing 10 mg·L 1of phenol and ozone were continuously fed co-currently as upward flow into the reactor at constant flow rate of 2 and 1 L·min1,respectively.The phenolic treatment results in seven cases were compared:(a)O3 only,(b)fresh granular activated carbon(GAC),(c) 1st reused GAC,(d)2nd reused GAC,(e)fresh GAC enhanced with O3,(f)1st reused GAC enhanced with O3,and (g)2nd reused GAC enhanced with O3.The phenolic wastewater was re-circulated through the reactor and its concentration was measured with respect to time.The experimental results revealed that the phenolic degradation using GAC enhanced with O3 provided the best result.The effect of adsorption by activated carbon was stronger than the effect of oxidation by ozone.Fresh GAC could adsorb phenol better than reused GAC.All cases of adsorption on GAC followed the Langmuir isotherm and displayed pseudo second order adsorption kinetics.Finally,a differential equation for the fluidized bed reactor model was used to describe the phenol concentration with respect to time for GAC enhanced with O3.The calculated results agree reasonably well with the experimental results.     

Modified activated carbons with amino groups and their copper adsorption properties in aqueous solution

Activated carbons were prepared by two chemical methods and the adsorption of Cu (II) on activated carbons from aqueous solution containing amino groups was studied. The first method involved the chlorination of activated carbon following by substitution of chloride groups with amino groups, and the second involved the nitrilation of activated carbon with reduction of nitro groups to amino groups. Resultant activated carbons were characterized in terms of porous structure, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, Boehm titration, and pHzpc. Kinetic and equilibrium tests were performed for copper adsorption in the batch mode. Also, adsorption mechanism and effect of pH on the adsorption of Cu (II) ions were discussed. Adsorption study shows enhanced adsorption for copper on the modified activated carbons, mainly by the presence of amino groups, and the Freundlich model is applicable for the activated carbons. It is suggested that binding of nitrogen atoms with Cu (II) ions is stronger than that with H+ions due to relatively higher divalent charge or stronger electrostatic force.     

中药渣基活性炭的制备及其对头孢拉定的吸附研究

以香橼、桂枝和板蓝根3种中药渣为原料,Na₂CO₃为活化剂,800℃下活化1.5 h制备了香橼活性炭（AC-CM）、桂枝活性炭（AC-RC）和板蓝根活性炭（AC-IT）3种活性炭。采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、比表面积分析、pH值和pH_pzc测定等表征手段考察了活性炭的特性。研究了3种活性炭对头孢拉定的吸附动力学与吸附等温线,考察了不同初始pH值和NaCl质量浓度对吸附过程的影响。结果发现,AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT的比表面积分别为453.32、413.78和230.06 m²/g,pH值分别为9.70、8.23和9.24,pH_pzc值分别为9.28、9.21和9.38,活性炭表面主要含有C=O、C=C以及含N基团,SEM分析显示活性炭表面存在大量的孔结构。AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT对头孢拉定的吸附过程均符合伪二级动力学与粒内扩散模型,吸附速率受粒内扩散机制和化学吸附共同控制。Freundlich模型能较好地描述3种活性炭的等温吸附过程,n均大于1,说明吸附过程容易进行。溶液初始pH值对活性炭吸附影响较大,pH值为3（在100 mg/L头孢拉定溶液中,添加0.1 g活性炭,吸附48 h）时,AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT对头孢拉定的吸附量最大,分别达到74.76、79.44和62.55 mg/g。溶液中NaCl的存在也增加了活性炭的吸附量。     

Numerical analysis of fixed bed adsorption kinetics using orthogonal collocation

Fixed bed adsorption kinetics is analyzed to test the validity of the simplified model based on the linear driving force approximation by comparison with the exact model by using the orthogonal collocation method. The axial dispersion, the external film diffusion, and the intraparticle diffusion are considered to be the major mass transfer phenomena involved with the fixed bed adsorption kinetics in this study. It is assumed that a local equilibrium is attained at the fluid-solid interface and the equilibrium can be described by the Langmuir isotherm. A homogeneous particle diffusion model is employed to describe the intraparticle diffusion.     

Adsorption of phenanthrene on activated carbons: Breakthrough curve modeling

The modeling of breakthrough curves obtained in the adsorption of phenanthrene as model compound on different activated carbons is described. All the runs were performed in a fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure, with a process temperature of 150 °C and low contaminant concentrations. Therefore, experimental conditions were similar to the observed in the flue gases of energy generation systems. This work is mainly focused on the study of how adsorbent characteristics (surface area and micropore size distribution) influence the kinetics of the adsorption process. First, equilibrium values are found from the breakthrough curves and they are satisfactory fitted to the Freundlich isotherm. Using the obtained equilibrium values together with the linear driving force model as kinetic expression, the breakthrough curve modeling is achieved. It was found that this model fits all the breakthrough curves and it is a useful tool for modeling purposes. Values for the phenanthrene surface and effective diffusion coefficients are calculated and reported, and a relationship with the microporosity is found. As it was expected, it is observed that the phenanthrene molecule finds kinetic restrictions for the diffusion in those carbons with narrow microporosity, especially in those with a mean pore diameter close to the molecular size.     

Removal of pyridine derivatives from aqueous solution by activated carbons developed from agricultural waste materials

The paper investigates the ability of activated carbons developed from coconut shell to adsorb α-picoline, β-picoline, and γ-picolin from aqueous solution. The developed carbons are designated as SAC (activated carbon derived from coconut shells with out any treatment) and ATSAC (activated carbon derived from acid treated coconut shells). The carbons were, characterized and utilized for the sorption of α-picoline, β-picoline, and γ-picoline at different temperatures, particle size, pH and solid to liquid ratio. All the studies were performed by batch method to determine various equilibrium and kinetic parameters. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and the Langmuir model was found to best report the equilibrium isotherm data. The adsorption of α-, β-, and γ-picoline followed the pseudo-second order rate kinetics. On the basis of kinetic studies, various rate and thermodynamic parameters such as effective diffusion coefficients, activation energy and activation entropy were evaluated. It was concluded that in majority of cases, the adsorption is controlled by particle diffusion at temperatures 10° and 25 °C while at 40 °C it is controlled by film diffusion mechanism. Similarly at concentrations 25 and 50 mg/l the adsorption was governed by particle diffusion in most of the cases while at >50 mg/l it was film diffusion controlled. The overall capacity of ATSAC was higher than SAC. The sorption capacity of γ-picoline was found more followed by β-picoline and α-picoline.     

The adsorption of methane-ethane mixtures on activated carbon

The single component adsorption of methane and ethane and also the adsorption of binary mixtures of methane and ethane have been studied in a small fixed isothermal bed containing activated carbon. Results indicate that an empirical Langmuir isotherm fits the experimental data for single components. An extended form of the empirical Langmuir isotherm, in which the parameters are obtained from single component data, satisfactorily describes the adsorption of binary mixtures. The potential theory of Polanyi is also helpful in extending the experimental data. Breakthrough curves of both components from a diluted feed of methane and ethane could be predicted with good precision for the two activated carbons studied. Furthermore, the concentration waves of the components were sufficiently spaced to suggest that these carbons may be of use as a separating agent for methane-ethane mixtures.     

Utilization of Raw and Activated Date Pits for the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions

Activated carbons prepared from date pits, an agricultural waste byproduct, have been examined for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions. The activated carbons were prepared using a fluidized bed reactor in two steps; carbonization at 700 °C for 2 hours in N₂ atmosphere and activation at 900 °C in CO₂ atmosphere. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of intraparticle diffusion, pseudo‐second order, and Lagergren, and followed more closely the pseudo‐second‐order chemisorption model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The maximum adsorption capacity of activated date pits per Langmuir model was 16 times higher than that of nonactivated date pits. The thermodynamic properties calculated revealed the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The uptake of phenol increased with increasing initial phenol concentration from10 to 200 ppm and temperature from 25 to 55 °C, and decreased with increasing the solution pH from 4 to 12. The uptake of phenol was not affected by the presence of NaCl salt.     

Removal of pyridine from aqueous solution using low cost activated carbons derived from agricultural waste materials

The purpose of this study is to suggest an efficient process, which does not require a big investment for the removal of pyridine from wastewater. Activated carbons developed from agricultural waste materials were characterized and utilized for the removal of pyridine from wastewater. Systematic studies on pyridine adsorption equilibrium and kinetics by low cost activated carbons were carried out. Adsorption studies were carried out at different temperatures, particle size, pH and adsorbent doses. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models fitted the adsorption data quite reasonably. The results indicate that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fits the data better as compared to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Various mechanisms were established for pyridine adsorption on developed adsorbents. Further, the data are better correlated with non-linear form as compared to the linear one. The kinetic studies were conducted to delineate the effect of temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, particle size of the adsorbent and solid to liquid ratio. The adsorption of pyridine follows the first order rate kinetics. On the basis of these studies, various parameters such as effective diffusion coefficient, activation energy and entropy of activation were evaluated to establish the mechanisms. It is concluded that the adsorption occurs through a particle diffusion mechanism at temperatures 10 and 25 °C while at 40 °C it occurs through film diffusion mechanism. Similarly at concentrations 25 and 50 mg/l the adsorption is particle diffusion controlled while at⩽50 mg/l it is film diffusion controlled.     

Study of adsorption behavior using activated carbon for removal of colored impurities from 30% caprolactam solution produced by means of SNIA-toluene-technology

We studied the adsorption removal of the colored impurities from caprolactam solution by granular activated carbons. It was observed that removal was favored at lower pH (pH 3.84 or below) and higher temperature. The effects of concentration, dosage of activated carbons, contact time have been also reported. Uptake of colored impurities was very rapid in the first 100 minutes and reached equilibrium after 24 h. The batch adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model and the rate constants of adsorption for all these kinetic models have been calculated. Three isotherm expressions Langmuir, Freundlich and Trinomial were shown to fit with the experimental results successfully. The mass transfer coefficientβ and the effective diffusion coefficient in aqueous phase Deff was calculated under a temperature 35–80 °C. The value of the mean free energy of adsorption E signifies that the adsorption of colored impurities onto activated carbon has a physical nature.     

Streamline DEAE对蛋白酶复合物的吸附平衡研究

以人凝血酶原复合物(以下简称PCC)为目标产物,研究了扩张床用离子交换树脂Streamline DEAE对蛋白酶复合物的吸附平衡。测定了不同温度下的吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线,并通过计算求得热力学和动力学参数。结果表明:Streamline DEAE对PCC的吸附符合Langmuir模型,吸附反应的焓热变为34.466 kJ/mol;吸附动力学曲线用拟二级速率方程拟和有着较好的吻合度。吸附过程中蛋白质分子在树脂颗粒内部的扩散为控制步骤,求得吸附反应的表观活化能为29.089 kJ/mol,表明此Streamline DEAE对PCC的吸附具有反应速率快,性能稳定等特点。