螺旋纳米炭纤维的制备及其电化学性能

以乙炔为碳源,酒石酸铜为催化剂前躯体,氩气为保护气体,采用化学气相沉积法制备螺旋纳米炭纤维,通过扫描电镜观察不同温度下制备的螺旋纳米炭纤维的形貌;制备的螺旋纳米炭纤维作为锂离子电池负极材料,通过首次充放电、循环伏安、循环性能和交流阻抗谱测试电池的电化学性能。研究表明:在580℃下制备的螺旋纳米炭纤维管径均匀、螺旋化程度高,组装的电池具有最长的充放电平台,50次充放电循环后,库伦效率能保持在98.0%以上,比容量也保持在400 mA·h/g以上,循环伏安曲线重合性好,说明电化学性能稳定,电化学阻抗最小,导电性最好。螺旋纳米炭纤维纯度越高具有更好的电化学性能。     

KOH-浸渍-还原法在炭纤维表面制备不同金属纳米催化剂涂层及其应用

为了催化炭纤维原位生长纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管，研究纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管在炭／炭复合材料中的应用，采用KOH-浸渍-还原法在炭纤维上制备纳米催化剂颗粒。首先用KOH处理炭纤维改变其形貌，然后将炭纤维分别在硝酸钴和硝酸镍催化剂前驱体溶液中浸渍，干燥，再用H2气还原制得催化剂颗粒，最后催化热解CO在炭纤维上原位生长纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管。结果表明：KOH处理能使炭纤维表面变得凹凸不平，有效的阻止了催化剂前驱体液体的流动，使涂层均匀；浸渍-还原法能获得粒径小、均匀、适合纳米炭纤维生长的金属颗粒；与Co纳米颗粒相比，Ni分散效果和催化效果更好。     

气相流动法制备纳米炭纤维X射线衍射的研究

采用 X射线衍射分析技术对气相流动法制备的纳米炭纤维进行了测试。通过分析在不同工艺条件下纳米炭纤维的晶体结构参数,研究了反应停留时间、高温石墨化处理工艺条件对纤维微观结构的影响。结果表明：缩短停留时间和高温处理使得构成纳米炭纤维催化生成的炭含量增加,碳层的结构接近石墨晶体的有序结构。     

钴催化剂制备螺旋纳米炭纤维

以纳米钴粉为催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制备了纳米螺旋炭纤维。重点探讨了气相沉积温度、碳源气体流量、气相沉积时间等参数对螺旋炭纤维形貌的影响。用SEM、XRD、拉曼光谱等对螺旋炭纤维的微观形貌和物相组成等进行表征。结果表明,随温度的升高,产品石墨化程度加剧,但会出现无定形碳等杂质,纤维直径变粗。气相沉积时间对纳米螺旋炭纤维直径有较大影响,适当的气相沉积时间是生成光滑螺旋纳米炭纤维的前提。在500℃,通入80 mL/min的乙炔,反应40 min,可获得纤维直径50~100 nm、表面光滑的纳米螺旋炭纤维。     

不同金属催化炭纤维原位生长纳米炭纤维/纳米碳管的研究

为了选择合适的催化剂，来催化炭纤维生长纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管，分别以Fe、Co、Ni和Mo的金属盐为催化剂前驱体，H2为还原气体，N2为载气，采用浸渍-还原法在炭纤维表面制备纳米催化剂颗粒，再以CO为碳源，催化热解生长纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管。用扫描电镜观察了纳米催化剂颗粒的形貌和粒径及纳米炭纤维／纳米碳管的形貌，并探讨了四种金属的催化生长机制，发现四种金属的催化效果为：Ni最好，Co次之，Fe较差，Mo最差。     

螺旋纳米碳纤维及聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备与性能表征

以镍为催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制备螺旋纳米碳纤维,并通过浓硝酸氧化法对螺旋纳米碳纤维进行处理,在加热条件下,制备了螺旋纳米碳纤维/聚乙烯醇复合材料. 实验考察了螺旋纳米碳纤维含量对复合材料力学性能的影响,当螺旋纳米碳纤维添加量为0.4%(w)时,复合材料的拉伸性能提高32%. 通过扫描电镜对复合材料的拉伸断口进行分析,螺旋纳米碳纤维均匀地分散在基体中,有效增强了复合材料的抗拉性能.     

电镀Ni膜催化生长螺旋碳纤维及电磁性能研究

由于螺旋纳米碳纤维的特殊结构和性能,使其在电子和复合材料等领域具有广阔应用前景,引起各国研究者的关注和重视。以电镀工艺制备Ni催化剂膜,通过化学气相沉积方法合成螺旋纳米碳纤维,采用SEM、Raman光谱和光学显微镜对螺旋纳米碳纤维的形态和结构进行表征。制备出形态规则的螺旋纳米碳纤维,纯度较高;实验详细地研究催化剂膜厚度和反应时间对螺旋纳米碳纤维形态和结构的影响。此外,对制备出的螺旋状纳米碳纤维在8.2~12.4GHz频段电磁性能进行分析,考察其吸波性能。研究结果表明镀镍工艺制备的催化剂膜成功生长出结构理想的螺旋纳米碳纤维,且具有较好的电磁性能。     

草酸铵沉淀法制备纳米氧化钕研究

以硝酸钕、草酸铵为原料,六偏磷酸钠为分散剂,采用沉淀法制备纳米氧化钕前驱体,将前驱体在空气中焙烧制备纳米氧化钕粉体。研究了反应温度、物料浓度等因素对粉体的影响,用激光粒度仪测得样品的粒度分布,用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对样品进行表征。实验表明,在最佳条件下可以制得平均粒径为100 nm的片状氧化钕粉体。     

草酸铵沉淀法制备纳米氧化钇研究

以氧化钇、浓硝酸为原料,草酸铵为沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分散剂,采用草酸铵沉淀法制备纳米氧化钇前驱体,将前驱体在空气中焙烧制备纳米氧化钇粉体。用差热-热重分析确定了前驱体分解温度,用 X射线衍射和扫描电镜对样品进行表征,用激光粒度仪测量不同反应物物质的量比所得产品的粒度分布,得到制备纳米氧化钇最佳条件。实验表明,在最佳条件下可以制得平均粒径为40 nm的氧化钇粉体,其形貌为椭球形。     

纳米炭纤维的制备、结构及其应用

介绍了纳米炭纤维的结构、制备方法、形成机理,及其在复合材料、电子器件、催化载体等方面的潜在应用前景。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.