生物质型煤燃烧特性概述

分析了生物质型煤的结构特点和燃烧特性及其影响因素,得知生物质可以增加型煤挥发分产率和改善型煤结构,从而影响型煤燃烧特性,使其燃烧特性优于普通型煤。因此,生物质的加入改善了型煤的燃烧特性,有利于型煤技术的推广应用。     

生物质型煤产业关键技术与应用前景

我国是煤炭生产和消费大国,大力开发和应用生物质型煤,适合我国国情也符合洁净煤技术的发展趋势。本文阐述了生物质型煤的资源优势和产业前景,重点介绍了我国目前在生物质型煤产业化的关键粘结剂和设备的研究情况,指出了我国发展生物质型煤的发展趋势。     

生物质型煤发展综述

生物质型煤是将煤炭与农林废弃物等可燃生物质及添加剂按一定比例混合压制而成的一种固体成型燃料,是煤炭资源的一种洁净利用方式。生物质型煤技术将中国有限的煤炭资源和农村大量的可再生秸秆林木废弃物结合起来,不仅可以实现煤炭尤其是低阶煤的高效清洁利用,而且可以实现农林废弃生物质的资源化和能源化利用。从发展生质型煤的意义、生物质型煤成型的工艺、黏结剂的选用、燃烧机理以及燃烧特性作了综合叙述,并对生物质型煤发展前景进行了展望。发展生物质型煤,对减小大气污染、改善生活环境、缓解国家能源安全危机和实现中国化石能源与可再生能源的合理利用具有重要的战略意义。     

生物质型煤气化行为实验研究

以被称为"十大害草"之一的水葫芦为生物质资源,与福建低活性无烟煤混合制备成生物质型煤.在内径为28 mm小型固定床气化反应器中对生物质型煤气化行为进行了实验测定.通过对3组不同生物质配比的型煤分别进行不同时间的气化,考察了生物质型煤气化行为演变过程行为.结果显示,型煤在气化过程中形成较为明显的灰层与未反应的芯层界面,且随着生物质配比的增加,灰层迁移速度较快,气化时间缩短,表明添加生物质有利于提高福建生物质型煤的气化活性.     

生物质型煤的制备及微观结构分析

为解决生物质刚性造成生物质型煤膨胀开裂的难题,利用微生物发酵技术处理生物质秸秆,将发酵改性后的生物质作为添加剂与粉煤按一定比例掺混,冷压成型制得生物质型煤。分析了生物质发酵改性前后形态、结构、发热量的变化,研究了发酵改性生物质对型煤强度、热稳定性的影响,确定生物质型煤最佳配比。结果表明:发酵改性后生物质质地密实,膨胀压缩性能得到改善,活化后大粒径为互相缠绕、团聚的丝状物,小粒径铺展效果较好,且具有包覆性;发酵使秸秆组织变得疏松,秸秆茎特有的2230 cm-1红外峰值消失,有利于煤粒与生物质结合,避免了生物质具有刚性造成型煤膨胀开裂;改性前后发热量变化较小,为0.07 k J/g。生物质型煤最佳配比为:煤炭80%,发酵生物质15%,膨润土5%;制得型煤的抗压强度达到1.4 MPa,落下强度高达98.65%,热稳定性达88.4%,工业分析符合DB 13/1055—2009《洁净型煤》要求。     

NaOH改性生物质做为型煤粘结剂的成型研究

探讨了NaOH溶液改性生物质秸秆作为型煤粘结剂的可行性。实验研究了NaOH溶液浓度以及生物质种类对型煤机械强度的影响,并采用显微镜、SEN和能谱分析了生物质型煤的成型机理。微观结构分析表明改性生物质具有粘结作用;碱液浓度与纤维的降解程度成正比;生物质纤维的降解程度直接影响其制得型煤的机械强度。结果表明,1％NaOH溶液改性的稻草秸秆具有较好的粘结性,所制备的型煤机械强度较好。     

生物质型煤技术研究

生物质型煤是由原煤、生物质和固硫剂混合压制而成的一种新型型煤,生物质型煤技术将不可再生物的化石能源与可再生的生物质能结合起来,具有综合利用能源和减少环境污染的双重功能,介绍了生物质型煤技术在国内外的发展现状,分析了生物物质型煤技术的几个关键问题,论述了中国发展和质型煤技术的重要性和工业化应用中存在的问题,展望了生物质型煤技术的发展前景及方向。     

用CMC作为生物质型煤粘结剂的试验研讨

用CMC作为生物质型煤粘结剂与黄泥生物质型煤进行比较试验表明 ,CMC生物质型煤在防水性 ,防振性能 ,抗压性方面远远优于黄泥生物质型煤 ,燃烧强度相差不明显 ,固硫效率有所提高 ,且可以大大降低粉尘污染。CMC是一种清洁、有效的型煤粘结剂     

生物质型煤与褐煤的生命周期评价对比研究

为了研究生物质型煤对环境的影响和能耗情况,利用生命周期评价方法,与褐煤进行对比评价,从型煤与褐煤的生产到燃烧进行全面分析。结果表明,生物质型煤生命周期的环境负荷指数是0.30,褐煤的潜在环境影响负荷指数为0.48,生物质型煤的环境影响明显低于褐煤;环境影响类型主要是全球变暖,主要影响因子是CO2;生命周期各阶段的环境排放量主要集中于燃烧使用阶段,因此,降低燃烧使用阶段的环境影响是生物质型煤技术改进的重要途径。     

生物质型煤的燃烧特性和影响因素

利用热分析仪和自行设计的实验台研究了生物质型煤的燃烧特性.结果表明:无烟煤生物质型煤中生物质分解释放速率快于烟煤生物质型煤,且无烟煤生物质型煤出现两个放热峰,分别为生物质分解、挥发分燃烧和固定碳分解所致,而烟煤生物质型煤仅一个放热峰.原料煤煤种和炉膛温度对生物质型煤的燃烧特性有明显影响,烟煤型煤燃烧特性优于无烟煤型煤;炉膛温度越高,生物质型煤燃烧失重率越大.     

Overview and some issues related to co‐firing biomass and coal

Low heating values, variable chemical compositions, peculiar physical properties, high investment cost and insecurity of biomass feedstocks supply limit the applications of biomass for energy and other processes. Co‐firing biomass and coal has potential for the development of biomass‐to‐energy capacity with significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. However, co‐firing is not straightforward, and some questions need to be addressed due to the differences in chemical compositions and physical properties of biomass and coal. This paper highlights key issues related to co‐firing, including reactor types, feeding, hydrodynamics, ash sintering, fouling, and corrosion, based on previous studies, as well as calculations and analysis. Direct co‐firing is the most common option for biomass and coal co‐firing currently, mostly due to relatively low investment needed to turn existing coal power plants into co‐firing plants. For direct co‐firing, the physical characteristics and chemical compositions of the fuel entering the combustors or gasifiers are critical to an optimum operation. Any biomass mixed with coal needs to have acceptable physical properties. More research is needed on co‐firing biomass and coal, including work on: preparation, handling, storage, and feeding of biomass feedstocks (e.g. drying, torrefaction, pelletization); co‐firing mechanisms; hydrodynamic analysis of co‐firing combustors and gasifiers; boiler/gasifier capacity, slagging, fouling, corrosion, efficiency, reliability, fuel flexibility; lower emissions and gas cleaning; catalyst poisoning; investment and operating costs.     

The influence of biomass co-combustion on boiler fouling and efficiency

The paper presents an attempt to evaluate the influence of biomass co-combustion on the fouling of boiler convection surfaces. In order to show the influence of co-firing biomass with bituminous coal on boiler efficiency, the calculations of pulverized fuel (PF) OP 140 steam generator have been carried out. Typical Upper Silesian coal with medium fouling inclination has been chosen as a basic fuel. Three kinds of biomass have been taken into consideration: straw, wood and dried sewage sludge. The results confirm that the properties of additional fuels cause deterioration of the boiler efficiency as well as the changes in boilers operational parameters (amount of water injected in attemperators, ash stream, hot air temperature). The biomass during cofiring in fact replaces the coal, but always the additional fuel consumption is higher than that of the substituted coal. Therefore, the actual decrease of coal consumption is smaller than the thermal fraction of the biomass.     

The mechanism of hydrocarbon synthesis from CO and H2 on cobalt catalysts

Basic process for manufacturing liquid fuel and valuable chemicals from nonpetroleum feedstock (coal, natural gas, biomass) is the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H₂ on catalysts containing Group VIII transition metals. There are also other processes for producing hydrocarbon mixtures from nonpetroleum feedstock (for example, coal or biomass hydrogenation, coal devolatilization and pyrolysis), but the preferential development of the Fischer-Tropsch process confirms its viability and prospects, which are determined by a huge source of raw materials—coal reserves in the energy equivalent are an order of magnitude higher than those of crude oil.     

煤与生物质的共热解液化研究进展

煤与生物质共热解液化将是燃料与化学品重要的转化技术之一。本文从共热解液化机理、共热解液化反应动力学、煤与生物质的协同作用、催化剂、共热解液化工艺、共热解液化产物等方面对煤与生物质共热解液化研究进展进行了综述,指出煤与生物质的快速共热解液化将是重要的发展方向,催化剂的应用和液化产物的精制将对提升液化油的品位和降低成本,对实现共液化油替代现行石化液体油具有更重要的意义。     

A Techno-economic assessment of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the use of biomass co-combustion

Using sustainably-grown biomass as the sole fuel, or co-fired with coal, is an effective way of reducing the net CO₂ emissions from a combustion power plant. There may be a reduction in efficiency from the use of biomass, mainly as a result of its relatively high moisture content, and the system economics may also be adversely affected.The economic cost of reducing CO₂ emissions through the replacement of coal with biomass can be identified by analysing the system when fuelled solely by biomass, solely by coal and when a coal-biomass mixture is used.The technical feasibility of burning biomass or certain wastes with pulverised coal in utility boilers has been well established. Cofiring had also been found to have little effect on efficiency or flame stability, and pilot plant studies had shown that cofiring could reduce NO_x and SO_x emissions.Several technologies could be applied to the co-combustion of biomass or waste and coal. The assessment studies here examine the potential for co-combustion of (a) a 600 MWe pulverised fuel (PF) power plant, (i) cofiring coal with straw and sewage sludge and (ii) using straw derived fuel gas as return fuel; (b) a 350 MWe pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC) system cofiring coal with sewage sludge; (c) 250 and 125 MWe circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) plants cofiring coal with straw and sewage sludge; (d) 25 MWe CFBC systems cofiring low and high sulphur content coal with straw, wood and woody matter pressed from olive stones (WPOS); and (e) 12 MWe CFBC cofiring low and high sulphur content coal with straw.The technical, environmental and economic analysis of such technologies, using the ECLIPSE suite of process simulation software, is the subject of this study. System efficiencies for generating electricity are evaluated and compared for the different technologies and system scales. The capital costs of systems are estimated for coal-firing and also any additional costs introduced when biomass is used. The Break-even electricity selling price is calculated for each technology, taking into account the system scale and fuel used.Since net CO₂ emissions are reduced when biomass is used, the effect of the use of biomass on the electricity selling price can be found and the premium required for emissions reduction assessed. Consideration is also given to the level of subvention required, either as a Carbon dioxide Credit or as a Renewable Credit, to make the systems using biomass competitive with those fuelled only with coal.It would appear that a Renewable Credit (RC) is a more transparent and cost-effective mechanism to support the use of biomass in such power plants than a Carbon dioxide Credit (CC).     

生物质替代燃料对水泥熟料烧成系统的影响分析

本文基于秸秆等生物质燃料在水泥行业的应用现状和存在问题,通过原燃料测试分析、对生物质替代燃料的投加位置、喷煤管位置、三次风位置和撒料装置等进行设计开发。利用热工计算、流体力学和CFD数值模拟技术等技术开发设计一种双燃料互补系统,在分解炉同时使用传统煤化石燃料和生物质替代燃料,分析生物质燃料的投加对烧成系统的影响。     

A study on the char burnout characteristics of coal and biomass blends

The char burnout characteristics of coal/biomass blends under conditions pertinent to pulverised fuel combustors were investigated by a combined modelling and experimental approach. Results indicate that blending of coal with biomass increases the likelihood of char extinction (i.e. extinction potential of the char particle in the blend), in turn, decreasing the char burnout level. Our modelling results attribute this to a reduction in the char particle size to levels below a critical dimension which appears to be a strong function of the fuel blending ratio (the weight percentage of biomass in the blend), fuel reactivity, char cloud shape and particle density number. It is demonstrated here that the drop in the char burnout level during co-firing can be effectively resolved when a more reactive secondary coal is added to the blend to minimise its extinction potential.     

Co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass in a pressured fluidized bed

An experimental study on co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass was performed in a pressured fluidized bed reactor. The blend ratio of biomass in the mixture was varied between 0 and 100 wt%, and the temperature was over a range of 550–650 °C under 1.0 MPa pressure with different atmospheres. On the basis of the individual pyrolysis behavior of bituminous coal and biomass, the influences of the biomass blending ratio, temperature, pressure and atmosphere on the product distribution were investigated. The results indicated that there existed a synergetic effect in the co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass in this pressured fluidized bed reactor, especially when the condition of bituminous coal and biomass blend ratio of 70:30(w/w), 600 °C, and 0.3 MPa was applied. The addition of biomass influenced the tar and char yields and gas and tar composition during co-pyrolysis. The tar yields were higher than the calculated values from individual pyrolysis of each fuel, and consequently the char yields were lower.The experimental results showed that the composition of the gaseous products was not in accordance with those of their individual fuel. The improvement of composition in tar also indicated synergistic effect in the co-pyrolysis.     

Flow properties of biomass and coal blends

Co-firing of coal/biomass blends in the existing coal fired power plants is an attractive option for reducing the greenhouse emissions. However, fuel processing and handling problems associated with coal/biomass blends restrict the widespread application of the co-firing technology. In this study, flow properties of typical Australian coal and biomass as well as their blends were systematically studied. The flow property data obtained from this study provided an insight into the underlying phenomena responsible for some of the problems often encountered in handling of coal/biomass blends. The flow properties of the coal and biomass blends were found to be dependent upon the form of biomass being used. We found that blending coal with sawdust reduced the likelihood of flow stoppage because sawdust particles lowered the bulk strength (cohesive strength) of the mixture from that of coal alone while maintaining more or less the same frictional properties as the parent coal. On the contrary, blends of coal and woodchip exhibited frictional characteristics far greater than the parent coal while showing bulk strengths similar to coal. As such, blends of woodchips and coal were found to be more susceptive to flow stoppage.