两种纳米纤维素对老化文献纸张的加固性能研究

酸化老化文献纸张的脱酸和加固是近年来各图书馆、博物馆和档案馆等文献保护领域普遍关心的问题。采用棉花纳米纤维素晶须(CNC-C)和棉花纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF-C)两种纳米纤维素及其复配物对三种模拟老化文献纸张进行加固,测定加固前后的抗张强度、耐折度和撕裂度。结果表明:纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF-C)和纳米纤维素晶须(CNC-C)对老化纸张都有非常明显的加固效果;两种纳米纤维素复配加固效果优于单独使用,抗张强度最高增强103%,耐折次数最高提升9.8倍,撕裂度最高提升81%,加固效果明显好于常用的羧甲基纤维素。     

两种纳米纤维素对老化文献纸张的加固性能研究CSCD

酸化老化文献纸张的脱酸和加固是近年来各图书馆、博物馆和档案馆等文献保护领域普遍关心的问题。采用棉花纳米纤维素晶须(CNC-C)和棉花纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF-C)两种纳米纤维素及其复配物对三种模拟老化文献纸张进行加固,测定加固前后的抗张强度、耐折度和撕裂度。结果表明:纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF-C)和纳米纤维素晶须(CNC-C)对老化纸张都有非常明显的加固效果;两种纳米纤维素复配加固效果优于单独使用,抗张强度最高增强103%,耐折次数最高提升9.8倍,撕裂度最高提升81%,加固效果明显好于常用的羧甲基纤维素。     

ZnCl_2制备再生纤维素纤维对纸张增强的研究

用65%（wt）ZnCl2水溶液,在温度80℃、搅拌速度300 r/min、不同反应时间下溶解针叶木浆,用水作为凝固剂,制备再生纤维素纤维（简称RGC）。研究不同反应时间制备的RGC及RGC添加量对纸张物理强度的影响。利用透射电镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TGA）技术对RGC的结构和性能进行表征。研究结果表明,在120 min下制备的RGC及RGC添加量为40%时纸张的物理强度最佳,与空白纸样相比,紧度提高22.77%,抗张指数提高291.5%,耐破指数提高50.64%,耐折次数从1提高至549。     

杂交鹅掌楸材性、纤维特性及制浆性能研究

对5年生杂交鹅掌楸木材材性、纤维形态和化学组成进行了分析,并对其硫酸盐法蒸煮性能以及硫酸盐浆的强度性能进行了研究。结果表明,杂交鹅掌楸木材基本密度0.374 g/cm3,纤维平均长度1.34μm,纤维长宽比48。杂交鹅掌楸木素19.6%,戊聚糖15.7%,1%NaOH抽提物26.9%(质量分数)。在用碱量18%(Na2O计)、硫化度20%和170℃条件下蒸煮,得到浆料的卡伯值为14.3,得率46.9%。浆料手抄片的裂断长、耐破指数和撕裂指数分别为6.4 km、3.9 kPa.m2/g和6.3 mN.m2/g。     

纳米白炭黑核-壳型木塑复合材料抗紫外老化研究

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和木粉为原料,辅以少量化学助剂,采用共挤出生产工艺,以芯层木塑比为6∶4,壳层添加不同含量纳米白炭黑制备出核-壳结构木塑复合材料(WPC)。将其放入老化箱进行紫外光加速老化试验,并对表面颜色、表面形貌、抗弯性能及化学成分进行了测试和表征。结果表明,紫外老化2 500 h后,较之空白样,加入2%纳米白炭黑的ΔE下降了32.7%,试样表面更加完整,裂纹与粉尘较少;弯曲强度保留率提高了9.9%,弹性模量保留率提高了13.2%,且均优于1%纳米白炭黑试样;所有材料表面的氧(O)/碳(C)含量比(n_O/n_C)与老化后木塑表面氧化的碳(C_(ox))/未氧化的碳(C_(unox))的含量比(n_(C_(ox))/n_(C_(unox)))均增大,表面氧化程度加深;其中添加2%纳米白炭黑的WPC表面氧化程度最低,n_O/n_C增长幅度为15.5%,n_(C_(ox))/n_(C_(unox))增加了16.5%,均低于空白样与1%纳米白炭黑试样。说明纳米白炭黑能够提高核-壳WPC抗紫外老化性能并降低其光氧化降解程度,并且适当提高添加量效果更佳。     

纳米纤维素用于劣化宣纸的加固研究

为了降低加固劣化纸张所用纳米纤维素悬浮液的浓度,研究了添加不同种类和浓度的醇对加固效果的影响。研究结果表明:采用含有醇的纳米纤维素悬浮液处理宣纸,可以在较低纳米纤维素悬浮液浓度下显著提升宣纸的机械强度,并保持宣纸外观和结构基本不变。在优选的含5%乙醇的0.3%纳米纤维素悬浮液处理后,宣纸的抗张强度提升近1倍,耐折次数提高3倍。对劣化宣纸强度的提升更为明显,抗张强度提升超过1倍,耐折次数提升11倍。这种含醇的低浓度纳米纤维素悬浮液有望成为廉价方便的劣化纸张加固剂。     

机械处理方法对竹浆性能的影响

利用双螺杆挤压搓揉机搓揉结合KRK高浓磨浆机磨浆的组合机械处理方法对蒸煮物料成浆方式进行了研究,探讨了搓揉-磨浆组合成浆方式对竹浆纤维形态及物理性能的影响.结果表明,在实验条件下,由这种组合成浆方式获得的竹浆纤维长度最长可达1.786m m,抄成的纸张的最大裂断长为5.70 km.撕裂指数和耐破指数分别为11.7 mN...     

自交联阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物合成及应用

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）作为阳离子单体，甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）为交联单体，与丙烯酰胺（AM）通过水溶液共聚法，并采用分子量调节剂和活性基团保护剂，本文制备得到自交联阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物（G-CPAM）。通过傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）及溶液稳定性测试对G-CPAM的结构和稳定性进行了表征，探讨了DMC及GMA单体用量对G-CPAM的性能及施胶后纸张的物理性能的影响，利用热失重分析仪（TGA）、X射线光电子谱（XPS）以及纸张施胶前后的FTIR测试对G-CPAM的自身交联与纸张性能增强机理进行了研究。结果表明：当DMC用量为质量分数20%，GMA用量为质量分数13%时，制备得可交联环氧阳离子聚丙烯酰胺，此时聚合物溶液平均粒径为176.9nm，黏度为143mPa·s，分子量为63204，且在150℃下稳定存在。 G-CPAM添加量为质量分数1.6%，进行浆内施胶，纸张干、湿抗张指数分别为58.29N·m/g和17.75N·m/g，环压强度指数为11.10N·m/g，撕裂指数为12.41mN·m²/g，纸张物理性能增强明显。     

功能单体马来酸酐对苯丙乳液纸张增干强剂的影响

研究了功能单体马来酸酐对苯丙乳液纸张增干强剂的影响。将马来酸酐(MAH)的酸酐基功能单体加入到增干强剂中,合成增干强剂聚乙烯醇-2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵-苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-丙烯酰胺-马来酸酐聚合物(PGSBM)。通过FTIR、TEM、SEM分别对乳液增强剂进行表征,将增干强剂通过浆内添加的方法添加到纸张中,测定纸张的干抗张指数、耐折度、耐破指数、撕裂指数。结果表明,PGSBM乳液粒子呈规则的球形,大小均一;具有较好的分散性;当MAH占总单体质量分数为1.5%时增干强剂便可达到较理想的增强效果。     

纳米纤维/氧化淀粉/PVA复合膜制备及特性

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用硫酸水解法制备甘蔗渣纳米纤维素。以氧化淀粉(OS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为基材,添加甘蔗渣纳米纤维素、增塑剂甘油、交联剂乙二醛制备复合膜。以拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率和水溶率为测量指标,研究了甘油、乙二醛、纳米纤维添加量对膜特性的影响。结果表明,随着甘油含量增大,复合膜的水溶率和水蒸气透过率逐渐增大,拉伸强度逐渐降低;添加乙二醛能够提高复合膜的耐水性能,添加量为0. 15 m L/g时,拉伸强度达到最大值(6. 25±0. 16) MPa;适当添加甘蔗渣纳米纤维素增强复合膜的机械性能和耐水性能,当纳米纤维含量为20%时,复合膜的水蒸气透过率达到最小值,为(5. 349±0. 056)×10~(-7)g/(m·h·Pa)。     

不同工况下除湿溶液再生的模拟与实验

建立了LiCl溶液再生过程的数学模型,通过模拟分析,得到了溶液再生量、溶液温度和溶液浓度随时间的变化规律。以平均再生量为评价指标,对LiCl溶液的再生性能进行了实验研究。分析了热源温度、溶液浓度、溶液初始温度、再生压力和冷水温度5个因素分别对溶液再生性能的影响规律。实验结果表明:溶液浓度和再生压力对溶液再生性能影响显著,冷水温度对溶液再生性能的影响最小。在设定的标准工况下,再生压力为4kPa、溶液中LiCl质量分数从28%增大到34%时,平均再生量由20.45g/(m²·s)减小至7.44g/(m²·s);再生压力从4kPa升高至10kPa时,平均再生量由15.33g/(m²·s)降低至1.92g/(m²·s)。最后,以溶液温度和溶液浓度作为对比目标参数将模拟结果和实验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,实验值与模拟值符合较好。     

Superb VOCs capture engineering carbon adsorbent derived from shaddock peel owning uncompromising thermal-stability and adsorption property

High applied thermal-stability and superior structural property for activated carbon adsorbent are extremely promising, which also is the determining short slab in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption applications. Herein, we develop the outstanding engineering carbon adsorbents from waste shaddock peel which affords greatly-enhanced thermal-stability and super structural property (S_Lang?=?4962.6?m²·g^-1, V_micro?=?1.67?cm³·g^-1). Such character endows the obtained adsorbent with ultrahigh adsorption capture performance of VOCs specific to benzene (16.58?mmol·g^-1) and toluene (15.50?mmol·g^-1), far beyond traditional zeolite and activated carbon even MOFs materials. The structural expression characters were accurately correlated with excellent adsorption efficiency of VOCs by studying synthetic factor-controlling comparative samples. Ulteriorly, adsorption selectivity prediction at different relative humidity was demonstrated through DIH (difference of the isosteric heats), exceedingly highlighting great superiority (nearly sixfold) in selective adsorption of toluene compared to volatile benzene. Our findings provide the possibility for practical industrial application and fabrication of waste biomass-derived outstanding biochar adsorbent in the environmental treatment of threatening VOCs pollutants.     

Infrared thin layer drying of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmas: Mass transfer parameters and quality assessment

Saffron is the most precious and expensive agricultural product. A dehydration treatment is necessary to convert Crocus sativus L. stigmas into saffron spice. To the best of our knowledge, no information on mass transfer parameters of saffron stigmas is available in the literature. This study aimed at investigating the moisture transfer parameters and quality attributes of saffron stigmas under infrared treatment at different temperatures(60,70, …, 110 °C). It was observed that the dehydration process of the samples occurred in a short accelerating rate period at the start followed by a falling rate period. The effective moisture diffusivity and convective mass transfer coefficient were determined by using the Dincer and Dost model. The diffusivity values varied from1.1103 × 10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1)to 4.1397 × 10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1) and mass transfer coefficient varied in the range of 2.6433 × 10~(-7)–8.7203 × 10~(-7)m·s~(-1). The activation energy was obtained to be 27.86 k J·mol~(-1). The quality assessment results showed that the total crocin content increased, when the temperature increased up to90 °C but, in higher temperatures, the amount of crocin decreased slightly. The total safranal content of the samples decreased slightly when drying temperature increased from 60 °C to 70 °C and then continuously increased up to 110 °C. Also, the amount of picrocrocin increased from 83.1 to 93.3 as the drying temperature increased from 60 °C to 100 °C.     

Protein-derived nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon for efficient adsorptive removal of heavy metals

A nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon has been synthesized employing egg white as a sustainable protein-rich precursor. According to CHNS elemental analysis, N, S and O heteroatoms accounted for mass fractions of 3.66%, 2.28% and 19.29% respectively, and the types of surface functionalities were further characterized by FT-IR and XPS measurements. Although the carbon possessed a smaller surface area (815 m²·g^-1) compared to a commercial activated carbon (1100 m²·g^-1), its adsorption capacity towards Co²⁺ reached 320.3 mg·g^-1, which was over 8 times higher compared to the limited 34.0 mg·g^-1 over the activate carbon. Furthermore, the carbon was found to be an efficient adsorbent towards a series of metal ions including VO²⁺, Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺. Combined with its environmental merits, the protein derived carbon may be a promising candidate for heavy metal pollution control.     

Egg shell waste as an activation agent for the manufacture of porous carbon

Egg shell waste was used as an activation agent directly for the manufacture of a biomass-derived porous carbon,which possessed a surface area of 626 m~2·g~(-1) and was rich in nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen functionalities. The activation mechanism was proposed, and the carbon showed its potential to act as an adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of various contaminants from both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, possessing maximum adsorption capacities of 195.9, 185.1, 125.5 and 44.6 mg·g~(-1) for sulfamethoxazole, methyl orange, diclofenac sodium and dibenzothiophene, respectively. Through the utilization of egg shell waste as a sustainable activation agent, this work may help to make the widely applied biomass-derived porous carbons more economical and ecological.     

柠条的纤维特性及其双螺杆CMP制浆性能研究

以柠条为原料，分析了其化学组分和纤维形态，并探讨了柠条双螺杆CMP法的制浆工艺以及浆料的纤维形态和成纸的物理性能。研究结果表明：与针、阔叶木相比，柠条原料中纤维素和综纤维素质量分数较低，苯醇抽出物和热水抽出物质量分数较高，柠条纤维长度总体偏短，木质部和皮部的纤维质量平均长度分别为0.621和0.819 mm，还存在部分杂细胞。采用3.5% Na₂SO₃和1.5% NaOH常温预浸12 h、90℃汽蒸1 h后再用双螺杆挤浆机在质量分数35%下进行搓丝，并结合高浓盘磨机磨浆，所得CMP浆得率可达73%。柠条CMP浆基本保持了纤维原有的长度，质量平均长度达0.650 mm，长宽比为32.7，纤维解离较好，但分丝帚化情况不理想，含有部分纤维束和杂细胞。当加拿大游离度为300 mL时，柠条CMP浆成纸的环压强度指数和松厚度较高，分别为8.67（N·m）/g和2.56 cm³/g，抗张指数为19.6（N·m）/g，本色浆白度较高，达50%（ISO）。柠条CMP浆适合配抄瓦楞原纸等包装用纸，漂白后可配抄新闻纸和白板纸。     

铝锂合金化铣废液合成γ-AlOOH及表征

铝锂合金化学铣切的化铣废液（CMW）会对环境造成严重影响。为有效解决废液处理问题，本文首次利用铝锂合金化铣废液合成出对染料具有优良吸附性能的纳米片状γ-AlOOH。CMW中的NaAlO₂与H₂O₂在室温条件下反应5min即可合成出比表面积高达278m²/g的纳米片状γ-AlOOH。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段，系统研究了H₂O₂和Al₂O₃摩尔比[(5∶1)～ (15∶1)]对合成的γ-AlOOH结构、形貌及结晶度的影响。结果表明，随摩尔比增加，γ-AlOOH的结晶度、晶体粒度和化学基团含量提高，比表面积由137m²/g增加至278m²/g。通过γ-AlOOH对亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附性能评价了γ-AlOOH的实用性。γ-AlOOH纳米片对MB具有良好的吸附性能，吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型，最大吸附量达173.30mg/g。因此以铝锂合金化铣废液为原料合成的γ-AlOOH具有较高的应用价值，可用作去除废水中染料的高效吸附剂。     

Activated carbon from solid wastes using a pilot-scale batch flaming pyrolyser

Activated carbon has been prepared from solid wastes carbonised in a pilot-scale batch flaming pyrolyser. Wood furniture waste (chipboard and plywood), scrap tyres, urban sewage, and straw were selected as pollutant solid wastes for this study. Burn-off levels, porosity, and BET surface were determined. From furniture waste derived char, a highly microporous solid was obtained at 850°C with a BET surface area of 855 m²/g. A medium surface area (431 m²/g) activated solid was obtained from tyre derived char at 1000°C. An FT-IR spectroscopic study of activated tyre and furniture derived chars showed different chemical structures and a higher water adsorption capacity for furniture derived solids than for those derived from tyres. The low cost flaming pyrolyser can produce, at pilot scale, chars suitable for activation from furniture wastes and tyres.     

Influence of coke rate on thermal treatment of waste selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst during iron ore sintering

Waste selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst as a hazardous waste has a significant impact on the environment and human health. In present study, a novel technology for thermal treatment of waste SCR catalyst was proposed by adding it to sinter mix for iron ore sintering. The influences of coke rate on the flame front propagation, sinter microstructure, and sinter quality during sintering co-processing the waste SCR catalyst process were studied. In situ tests results indicated the maximum sintering bed temperature increased at higher coke rate, indicating more liquid phase generated and higher airflow resistance. The sintering time was longer and the calculated flame front speed dropped at higher coke rate. Sinter microstructure results found the coalescence and reshaping of bubbles were more fully with increasing coke rate. The porosity dropped from 35.28% to 25.66%, the pore average diameter of large pores decreased from 383.76 μm to 311.43 μm. With increasing coke rate, the sinter indexes of tumbler index, productivity, and yield, increased from 33.2%, 9.2 t·m^-2·d^-1, 28.9% to 58.0%, 36.0 t·m^-2·d^-1, 68.9%, respectively. Finally, a comprehensive index was introduced to systematically assess the influence of coke rate on sinter quality, which rose from 100 to 200 when coke rate was increased from 3.5% (mass) to 5.5% (mass).     

TEPA负载复合氧化活性炭吸附烟气中的CO2性能

以商业煤基活性炭为原料，经低浓度氧气焙烧、H₂O₂氧化改性，并以四乙烯五胺（TEPA）浸渍，得到胺负载复合氧化活性炭，用于模拟烟道气[(15%(体积)CO₂+85%(体积)N₂）+10%(体积)H₂O]中CO₂吸附。低浓度氧气焙烧后，活性炭的最大比表面积和孔体积分别为1421.82 m²/g、0.83 cm³/g。经复合氧化改性后，活性炭的介孔体积增大，表面含氧官能团增加，使得TEPA负载复合氧化活性炭的CO₂吸附性能提高。焙烧时间为4 h，H₂O₂氧化、负载40%TEPA的样品COAC-4-40TEPA，在60℃时CO₂饱和吸附量最高为2.45 mmol/g，是TEPA负载未改性活性炭AC-40TEPA的2.02倍。经过十次吸附循环后，COAC-4-40TEPA的 CO₂饱和吸附量可维持在92.24%，而TEPA的浸出量仅有0.67%。失活模型研究表明，COAC-4-40TEPA的初始吸附速率常数是AC-40TEPA的1.64倍，且失活速率常数低于AC-40TEPA。