循环流化床中烟气飞灰汞迁移规律

在小型热态循环流化床试验台上进行褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧试验,研究3种典型煤的烟气气态汞和飞灰颗粒汞迁移规律。试验结果表明:褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤在燃烧过程中,炉膛温度、空截面风速、给煤量以及煤颗粒大小变化时,汞元素在烟气和飞灰之间的迁移规律相似;降低炉膛密相区温度和增大炉膛空截面风速可促进烟气气态总汞HgT(g)迁移到飞灰颗粒汞Hg(p)中,同时也促进烟气气态零价汞Hg0(g)向烟气气态二价汞Hg2+(g)和Hg(p)转化;增加给煤量,烟气气态总汞HgT(g)和烟气气态零价汞Hg0(g)减少,飞灰颗粒汞Hg(p)含量增加,并且影响Hg0(g)的转化;选择合适的煤颗粒粒度可以促进Hg0(g)的转化以及HgT(g)向Hg(p)迁移。随燃烧工况的变化,3种煤HgT(g)、Hg(p)和Hg0(g)含量变化趋势相似,但含量相差较大,Hg0(g)占HgT(g)的比例y值也不同,其中无烟煤的y值高于烟煤和褐煤的y值。     

燃烧温度对煤中汞析出特性及形态分布的影响

在管式炉实验装置上研究了燃烧温度对燃煤汞析出特性的影响,利用在线烟气分析仪和EPA Method 26A湿化学法对燃煤烟气中O_2/SO_2/NO/CO/HCl/Cl_2等进行同步定量分析,探讨不同燃烧温度下烟气组分的变化及其在烟气降温过程中对汞形态迁移转化的影响规律。结果表明:在高温燃烧条件(≥750℃)下,煤中汞基本全部逸出,析出率≥97.9%,且随燃烧温度升高而递增;基于氧量分析,煤中汞的析出在挥发分燃烧阶段即开始发生;随着燃烧温度的升高,烟气中元素态汞(Hg0)份额逐渐降低,而氧化态汞(Hg~(2+))份额相应增大,900℃时接近50%;燃烧温度对烟气中各组分浓度影响较大,随温度升高,烟气中NO、HCl及Cl_2呈现不同程度的上升趋势,SO_2含量基本持平,而CO含量逐渐降低;对痕量元素汞而言,NO、HCl及Cl_2通过直接或间接氧化作用在烟气降温过程中促进Hg0向Hg~(2+)转化,烟气中还原性气体组分CO对Hg0的氧化有一定抑制作用,SO_2对汞形态分布的影响则不甚明显。     

循环流化床中烟气飞灰汞迁移规律

在小型热态循环流化床试验台上进行褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧试验,研究3种典型煤的烟气气态汞和飞灰颗粒汞迁移规律。试验结果表明：褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤在燃烧过程中,炉膛温度、空截面风速、给煤量以及煤颗粒大小变化时,汞元素在烟气和飞灰之间的迁移规律相似;降低炉膛密相区温度和增大炉膛空截面风速可促进烟气气态总汞Hg^T（g）迁移到飞灰颗粒汞Hg（p）中,同时也促进烟气气态零价汞Hg⁰（g）向烟气气态二价汞Hg²⁺（g）和Hg（p）转化;增加给煤量,烟气气态总汞Hg^T（g）和烟气气态零价汞Hg⁰（g）减少,飞灰颗粒汞Hg（p）含量增加,并且影响Hg⁰（g）的转化;选择合适的煤颗粒粒度可以促进Hg⁰（g）的转化以及Hg^T（g）向Hg（p）迁移。随燃烧工况的变化,3种煤Hg^T（g）、Hg（p）和Hg⁰（g）含量变化趋势相似,但含量相差较大,Hg⁰（g）占Hg^T（g）的比例y值也不同,其中无烟煤的y值高于烟煤和褐煤的y值。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术概述

烟气中的汞一般以零价元素汞Hg0和二价汞Hg2+形态存在,Hg0和Hg2+之间的比率与烟气的成分、煤种、未燃碳含量、催化剂等有关。本文就燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术及适用性进行分析和研究。     

型煤中汞的析出规律试验研究

在炉膛内的高温下,几乎所有煤中的汞转变成元素汞并停留在烟气中。在型煤燃烧过程中,汞的形态变化受到诸多因素影响,包括给煤煤种、给煤的汞浓度、给煤的其他元素浓度、烟气温度和烟气成分、煤灰物理性质以及汞及其化合物在烟气中停留时间的长短等等。本文通过研究汞含量不同的型煤燃烧的温度、燃烧时间等条件,汇总大量数据,找出汞析出的规律,为下一步找到合适的控制方法提供参考。     

应用量子化学计算研究溴与汞反应的动力学参数

引言汞是挥发性的有毒重金属元素。燃煤中含有微量的汞,这些汞在煤燃烧时会释放到烟气中,燃煤烟气中汞主要以3种形态存在:颗粒Hg(Hgp)、气态氧化Hg(Hg2+)和气态单质Hg(Hg0)。     

温度对载氧体还原过程中汞的析出特性及形态分布的影响

化学链燃烧是近年来提出的一种具有高效、内分离CO₂特点的新型燃烧方式。本文在立式管式炉实验装置上研究了温度对基于Fe₂O₃载氧体的煤化学链燃烧载氧体还原过程中汞析出特性的影响,探讨了不同燃烧温度下燃料反应器（FR）出口烟气组分的变化及其对汞迁移变化的影响。结果表明：在高温条件下（≥ 800℃）,煤中的汞在载氧体还原过程中基本全部析出,180s时基本达到90%,并且随着温度升高而增加;FR出口烟气中的汞主要以单质态（Hg⁰）形式存在,各工况下的单质态汞占烟气中气态总汞比例都在88%以上,随着温度的升高,烟气中Hg⁰/Hg^T略有降低;温度对烟气组分具有影响,随着温度的升高,CO、NO和SO₂浓度上升;对于汞而言,SO₂会抑制Cl及Cl₂的形成从而抑制Hg⁰向Hg²⁺转化,NO会直接或间接促进汞的氧化过程,FR烟气中以CO为主的还原性气氛不利于汞的氧化。     

水泥生产线布袋除尘器和静电除尘器脱汞性能比较

随着《关于汞的水俣公约》在我国正式生效,水泥生产线汞污染控制的重要性更加凸显,对我国水泥生产线现有设施的协同脱汞能力和烟气汞形态分布的研究成为必然。本文采用OHM和30B两种采样方法对我国境内不同规模的11条水泥生产线除尘器的脱汞性能进行了试验研究,此外还对除尘器前后烟气汞形态分布做了探讨。研究结果表明：布袋除尘器的协同脱汞效率在50%左右,静电除尘器的协同脱汞效率在20%左右;除尘器对形态汞的脱除具有选择性,布袋除尘器和静电除尘器都对颗粒汞的脱除效果最好,静电除尘器对二价汞脱除能力比布袋除尘器强,静电除尘器对零价汞脱除能力比布袋除尘器弱。这意味着水泥生产线专用脱汞设施的开发重点应该在零价汞和二价汞的脱除上;鼓励新建水泥厂使用布袋除尘器和已建水泥厂将静电除尘器改造为布袋除尘器都利于水泥行业的汞减排。     

铁基载氧体对煤中汞释放行为的影响

采用Ontario-Hydro方法,在管式炉中考察了煤化学链燃烧/气化过程中Fe₄Al₆载氧体对煤中汞释放率、气态汞形态分布及汞在两反应器内释放行为的影响。结果表明,载氧体对煤中汞释放率具有显著的影响,在500~700℃,与无载氧体相比,化学链燃烧过程煤中汞释放率减少,化学链气化过程煤中汞释放率增大,而在900℃时,无论化学链燃烧过程还是化学链气化过程,煤中汞释放率均减小。Fe₄Al₆载氧体能够显著增加燃料反应器出口气态Hg²⁺的相对含量,其含量随温度的升高而逐渐升高。燃料反应器的温度也是影响煤中汞在两反应器中的分布以及空气反应器中不同价态汞百分含量的重要因素。此外,相同条件下不同煤种的汞释放率不同,主要与煤的组成不同有关。该研究对揭示载氧体对煤中汞迁移的影响机理以及煤化学链转化过程汞的控制提供了实验依据。     

燃煤烟气汞形态转化及脱除技术

介绍了煤中Hg的含量、不同燃烧时段的形态及其转化,并总结了国内外研究开发的燃煤烟气汞污染物脱除技术,其中着重介绍了活性炭吸附技术和催化氧化技术,最终对该领域的研究方向做了展望。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.