龙岩高岭土的组成与结构研究

本文采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度仪、综合热分析仪(DTA/TG)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)等测试手段对福建龙岩高岭土进行了组成及结构的研究.结果表明:龙岩高岭土的矿物组成主要由高岭石、多水高岭石和伊利石组成.一定量伊利石的存在是龙岩高岭土的化学组成中含有较高K2O组分的直接原因,这导致其耐火度不高.龙岩高岭土的显微结构为片状和管状混合结构,多水高岭石呈管状,结晶程度最差;高岭石呈不规则薄片状,结晶程度较差;伊利石呈板片状,晶化程度最好.     

膨润土的性质及应用

膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为主的粘土岩,又名称膨土岩、斑脱岩。膨润土除主要矿物成分蒙脱石外,尚含不等量的石英、长石、伊利石、高岭石、云母、沸石、黄铁矿及一些火山碎屑,除人工提纯者外,质纯的蒙脱石罕见。一、矿物特征及理化性质膨润土是具有少量碱和碱土金属含水层状铝硅酸盐矿物。蒙脱石结构单元层由两个硅氧四面体层夹一个铝氧八面体     

山西晋城和阳泉地区太原组15号煤夹矸粘土矿物组合类型及成岩转化

本文运用X射线衍射分析和X射线荧光分析等手段,对山西晋城和阳泉地区太原组15号煤粘土岩夹矸进行了矿物组成和化学组成的研究。结果表明山西晋城和阳泉地区15号煤粘土岩夹矸粘土矿物组合共分三种类型:地开石组合、地开石+铵伊利石组合以及铵伊利石+高岭石组合。根据Mg O/Al2O3可以确定:地开石组合和地开石+铵伊利石组合沉积古环境为海陆过渡沉积环境,铵伊利石+高岭石组合沉积古环境为淡水沉积环境。地开石和铵伊利石均是在成岩作用过程中由高岭石转化而来。少量叶腊石、绿泥石和伊利石的出现与热液蚀变作用有关。     

煅烧温度对低品位黏土物相和结构的影响

利用DSC-TG、XRD、IR、Raman和NMR等测试手段，研究了不同煅烧温度(650、700、750、800、850℃)下低品位黏土物相和结构的变化。结果表明：低品位黏土主要由高结晶度的石英组成，并含有少量晶化程度较低的多硅白云母、高岭石、伊利石、方解石、黄铁矿和微斜长石。650～850℃高温煅烧后，高岭石和伊利石分解为非晶的SiO₂和Al₂O₃,部分石英转变为无定形的SiO₂;低品位黏土矿物中的吸附水和结构水分解，铝氧八面体逐渐转变为铝氧四面体，石英中Si—O—Si的近程有序结构也受到了一定程度的破坏。     

建筑垃圾再生微粉性能研究及应用探讨

将工业化生产的建筑垃圾再生微粉,通过SEM、LPS、XRD、TG-DTA化学成分分析和强度活性指数等检测。结果表明,建筑垃圾再生微粉的颗粒形貌不规则,与粉煤灰略有不同;颗粒粒径范围达到Ⅱ级粉煤灰的标准;矿物成分主要是多水高岭石、伊利石、石英等;化学成含有大量的SiO2和Al2O3;活性指数可达到70%。     

陶瓷墙地砖湿法球磨浆料基本性能研究

以某大型陶瓷企业瓷质仿石砖湿法球磨浆料为原料,通过沉降分层取样,采取激光粒度分析、X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射分析以及SEM分析等手段,研究浆料的矿物相组成、化学成分均匀性、粒度分布以及颗粒形貌等基本性能,为干法制粉取代湿法制粉技术提供理论基础.结果表明:(1)陶瓷墙地砖湿磨浆料的主要矿物相是石英、高岭石、钠长石和伊利石;(2)湿磨浆料的平均粒径为17μm,最大粒径90 μm,其中:0～10μm约占50％,10～50μm约占45％,50 ～90 μm约占5％;粒径小于1μm时,Al2O3和MgO含量较高;粒径大于1μm时,Na2O、K2O、SiO2含量较高;粒径大于45μm时,MgO含量较高;粒度越细,化学成分均匀性越好;(3)湿磨浆料中固相颗粒形貌不规则,呈尖角形、长片状或短柱状,棱角较多,与同细度干法粉体形貌差异不大.     

景德镇高岭村高岭土矿物相的研究

根据对高岭村高岭土样品的X光衍射分析和电子显微镜分析,本文认为:其中脉状高岭土样品的矿物相简单,以多水高岭石为主;而砂状高岭土样品的矿物相较复杂,有高岭石,伊利石,钠长石,白云母和石英等。此外在脉状高岭土样品的电镜分析中,还发现其中多水高岭石大多数呈又粗又短的管状晶形。     

高岭岩(土)在橡胶工业中的应用

<正> 烈山煤矿位于安徽省淮溪县城东。该矿高岭岩层赋存于二迭统上部的下石盒子组底部,上距5层煤约10m。一、烈山高岭岩的成份特征 (1)烈山高岭岩的矿物成份由薄片鉴定得知,烈山高岭岩以显微隐品质高岭石为主,约占总量的90％以上,其余为含量极少的石英、白云石、菱铁矿、伊利石等。同时还存在少量炭质及浸染状氧化铁。从差热曲线分析可知,烈山高岭岩是以高岭石为主、地开石为辅的粘土岩。从X射线衍射分析可知,烈山高岭土为有序度好,结晶程度较高的高岭石矿物。 (2)烈山高岭岩的化学成份从化学成份分析结果可以看出,该高岭岩含SiO_245.67％,Al_2O_337.75％,烧失量为14.00％;SiO_2/Al_2O_3为2.05与高岭石的理论值(SiO_246.50％;Al_2O_339.69％;烧失量为     

几种高岭土的组成与可塑性研究

采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光粒度仪及可塑性仪对龙岩高岭土、临沧高岭土和星子高岭土的组成、结构形貌和可塑性进行了表征.结果表明,龙岩高岭土主要是由片状高岭石和伊利石及管状多水高岭石组成,其结晶度较差,Fe2O3和TiO2含量低,颗粒尺寸最小,d50为5.12 μm,可塑性最好;临沧高岭土则大部分为呈卷曲短柱状的多水高岭石,并含有少量的片状高岭石,颗粒尺寸较小,d50为8.45μm,可塑性差;星子高岭土大部分为片状结构,粒度较粗,d50为14.77 μm,可塑性差.     

伊利石及其用途

1986年,浙江省化工地质队在浙东某地结束了大型伊利石矿床勘探工作。伊利石的分子式为(K·H_2O)Al[(Al·Si)Si_3·0_(10)],颜色浅黄—黄绿,油脂光泽,硬度1～2,遇水极易碎裂。伊利石矿石中伊利石占50～95％。其余依次为石英、黄铁矿、绢云母、褐铁矿及少量叶腊石、高岭石、红柱石、金红石等。     

Occurrence,abundance and origin of minerals in coals and coal ashes

The mineralogy of coal and coal ash samples from a wide variety of deposits worldwide has been studied by X-ray diffractometry, light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and DTA-TGA methods. The common major minerals identified in the crystalline matter of coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and gypsum, and occasionally dolomite, ankerite, siderite, Fe oxyhydroxides and sulphates. A number of minor and especially accessory minerals are also present. The modes of occurrence and some genetic peculiarities of the minerals found are described and summarized. Minerals and phases of probable detrital origin include mainly silicates, volcanic glass, oxyhydroxides and phosphates. Authigenic minerals of syngenetic origin may be sulphides, clay minerals, carbonates and rarely sulphates and phosphates. Epigenetic minerals, formed by the infiltration of low-temperature hydrothermal solutions, may include sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, clay minerals, quartz, chlorides, and probably alkaline-earth hydroxides and zeolites. The alteration products of detrital and authigenic minerals may be Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, sulphates, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, muscovite, zeolites and calcite. The behaviour of these minerals and phases during low- and high-temperature ashing is also discussed.     

Comparative chemical and mineral characterization of some Bulgarian coals

The mineralogy and chemical composition of lignitic, subbituminous and bituminous coal and coal-ash samples from six Bulgarian deposits, namely Maritza West (MW), Sofia (S), Maritza East (ME), Bobov Dol (BD), Pernik (P) and Balkan (B), were studied and a model for comparative characterization of their composition was done. Major minerals identified in the crystalline matter of Bulgarian coals are commonly quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and gypsum and occasionally dolomite, siderite, Fe oxyhydroxides and Fe sulphates. Some genetic features of the inorganic matter in coal and coal ash are described and compared. The coals studied show high detrital (P, B, BD, ME) or high authigenic (S, MW) mineral abundance with sulphide–sulphate (P, BD, ME, MW) or mixed carbonate and sulphide–sulphate (B, S) authigenic mineral tendencies. The high-temperature ashes of these coals belong to sialic (P), sialoferricalcic (B, BD), sialoferric (ME) or ferricalsialic (MW, S) chemical types. They have high (B, P, BD) or low (ME, MW, S) silicate mineral abundance with sulphate (B, P, ME, MW, S) or oxyhydroxide (BD) mineral tendencies.     

粒度对煤中晶体矿物组成影响研究

选取A/B/C 3种典型煤样,利用X-射线衍射分析仪研究了煤样在不同粒径区间时其晶体矿物组成的变化情况。结果表明,石英在A煤中其衍射强度随粒径增大呈下降趋势,而在B、C煤中则呈先下降后上升的趋势;高岭石衍射峰强度在A、B煤中是先下降后上升,而在C煤中呈直线下降的变化趋势。石英和高岭石在粒径为74～100μm时,其衍射强度为较低或最低的状态,而黄铁矿、赤铁矿和方解石则在此粒径区间范围内,其衍射强度达到较大或最大峰值;白云母总体变化幅度不是很大。     

Phase-mineral and chemical composition of coal fly ashes as a basis for their multicomponent utilization. 1. Characterization of feed coals and fly ashes

The phase-mineral and chemical composition of feed coals and their fly ashes (FAs) produced in four large Spanish thermo-electric power stations was characterized as a basis for multicomponent FA utilization. The feed fuels used are bituminous coals, semi-anthracites and anthracites with high detrital mineral abundance and mixed carbonate and sulphide-sulphate authigenic mineral tendency. Their mineral composition includes quartz, kaolinite, illite-muscovite, pyrite, chlorite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, gypsum, siderite, calcite, dolomite, marcasite, montmorillonite, jarosite, and ankerite. The FAs studied have aluminosilicate composition with higher concentrations of alkaline and alkaline-earth oxides than Fe oxide. Elements such as Ag, As, Ba, Cr, Cs, Li, P, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr are relatively enriched in these FAs in comparison with the respective mean values for bituminous coal ashes worldwide. The FAs consist basically of aluminosilicate glass, to a lesser extent of mineral matter (with high silicate abundance and dominant oxide tendency) and moderate char occurrence. The phase-mineral composition (in decreasing order of significance) of these FAs is normally glass, mullite, quartz, char, kaolinite-metakaolinite, hematite, cristobalite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, melilite, anhydrite, wollastonite, magnetite and corundum plus 42 important accessory minerals or phases. A scheme of conventional separation procedures was applied to recover sequentially six initial and potentially useful and/or hazardous products from FAs, namely: (1) a ceramic cenosphere concentrate; (2) a water-soluble salt concentrate; (3) a magnetic concentrate; (4) a char concentrate; (5) a heavy concentrate; and finally (6) an improved FA residue.     

皖北刘二煤在Shell气流床气化过程中熔渣形成机理初探

选取安庆石化sheu气化炉使用的皖北刘二煤（简称AQ007）及气化过程产生的大块渣和细渣样品，利用X-射线衍射仪（XRD），考查了AQ007煤在弱还原性气氛下不同加热温度下煤灰熔融过程中的矿物演变过程，对煤灰的熔融机理进行了探讨，对Shell气化过程产生的大块渣和细渣的晶体矿物组成进行了对比研究。结果表明：AQ007煤中的主要晶体矿物有高岭石、石英、方解石、白云母等。在还原性气氛下，煤灰随着温度的升高，石英、硬石膏等结晶矿物含量逐渐减少，生成新的矿物质，莫来石的生成是导致AQ007煤灰熔点高的主要原因。大量钙长石的生成是导致安庆石化sheu气化炉产生大块熔渣和堵渣主要原因。     

An investigation on the heterogeneous nature of mineral matters in Assam (India) coal by CCSEM technique

This is a very first preliminary investigation on the distribution of heterogeneous nature of mineral matter in one of the industrially important Assam (India) pulverized coal using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM). The results show that clay minerals, quartz, pyrite, and pyrrhotite form the bulk of the mineral matter. Minor minerals, such as calcite, dolomite, ankerite, barite, oxidized pyrrhotite, and gypsum, are also observed in the sample. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the included minerals is generally observed to be finer than that of the excluded ones in the coal. As a consequence, the coal rich in included minerals has more small mineral particles, which may affect its reactivity. Regarding the association of individual mineral species, the proportion of included to excluded is found to be higher in major cases. With regard to the modes of occurrence of major inorganic elements, it is found that Si mostly occurs as quartz and clay minerals, while Al mostly occurs as silicate minerals. Fe is primarily present as iron sulfides, iron oxide, and Fe-Al-silicate. S is partitioned into iron sulfides and gypsum. Most Ca occurs as carbonates and gypsum, with a minor fraction associated with clay minerals. Mg is mainly present as dolomite and clay minerals, with a very minor fraction present as ankerite. The majority of alkali elements are associated with aluminosilicates. P is mostly associated with kaolinite and/or present as more complex compounds containing Al, Si, and other elements as apatite is found to be absent in the coal studied. Ti is mainly present as rutile and kaolinite.     

Distribution of inorganic and organic substances in the hydrocyclone separated Slovak sub-bituminous coal

A low-rank Slovak sub-bituminous coal from the Handlová deposit was physically treated by washing in a water-only cyclone with the goal to find the separation effect for inorganic (mainly Fe-bearing minerals) and organic substances (humic acids, diterpanes). A high-quality coal product with the ash content in the dry matter of 9.02% and carbon content of C^d = 68.12% at a mass yield of 29.51% was obtained using the water-only cyclone processing. At first, the physically treated coal samples were detailed characterized by XRD, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, FT-IR and HR-TEM. In addition to non-crystalline organic coal components, inorganic compounds belonging to silicate minerals (kaolinite, muscovite and quartz) as well as to Fe-bearing sulphide minerals (pyrite) were identified in the sub-bituminous coal by XRD. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy detected the presence of iron carbonate (siderite), iron-containing clay mineral and two sulphur-containing minerals (pyrite, jarosite) in the untreated coal. On the other hand, only one Fe-bearing mineral, (pyrite) was found in the washed coal. Effect of the physical separation is also demonstrated in FT-IR spectra, where the peak at 1040 cm⁻¹ representing the silicate component in the untreated sample is not detectable in the washed coal sample. Presence of extractive organic substances, i.e. humic acids and tetracyclic diterpane (16α(H)-phyllocladane), in the hydrocyclone products is also evidenced. It was confirmed that the isolated diterpenoic compound is attendant in the washed product with the lowest ash content and it is assimilated with the organic part of coal. Surprisingly, humic acids were found in the highest concentration in the slurry that has the highest content of ash (63.14%).     

Coal and coal ash characteristics to understand mineral transformations and slag formation

A knowledge of the composition and structure of minerals in coal is necessary in order to understand the mineral transformations and agglomerate or slag formation during combustion or gasification. Coal ash fusibility characteristics are difficult to determine precisely, partly because the ash contains many components with different chemical behaviours, and may vary from coal source to coal source.The first objective of this study was to determine if the most relevant characteristics of coal were representative of the typical coal from the South African Highveld region. Secondly, a detailed understanding of the coal and coal ash are needed in order to explain slag formation and mineral transformations.Based on standard coal properties, such as the ash content, volatile content, carbon content and maceral composition, it can be concluded that the coal sample used for this study was representative and comparable with the coal from the Highveld region.From the results obtained and the analysis done on the coal samples, it was observed that the mineral grains showed a wide range of types that ranged from pure coal to pure minerals. The types of mineral particles within the coal range from large irregular minerals to small irregular minerals on the edge of coal particles. Kaolinite and quartz can occur as fine inclusions in carbon rich particles or associated with mudstone, siltstone or sandstone, together with kaolinite infillings. The main minerals present in the coal feed are kaolinite, quartz, dolomite, calcite, muscovite, pyrite and microline. An abundance of calcium-rich particles, which are probably calcite and dolomite, were observed. These minerals are present throughout the coal structure and are not specific to one type of mineral grain or structure. An increase in Si and Al abundance in three different prepared coal fractions with increasing particle size distribution was observed the high density fractions are mainly situated in the coarser particles.After combustion or gasification, the major source of glass is derived from included minerals in carbon rich particles. It is clear that focus on the modification of the unclassified/amorphous phase, to increase viscosity (decrease slag formation or have a higher concentration of crystalline phases) at a certain temperature, or in general terms the ash fusion temperature of the coal, is important. Altering the ash chemistry involves the addition of a material to the coal to increase the viscosity.     

煤焦化过程中矿相转变规律

利用XRD和物相定量分析方法研究了南桐和永混煤及含添加剂的南桐煤在焦化过程中的矿相转变规律. 结果表明,南桐煤焦化过程中,占灰分含量46.03%的高岭土完全分解,其中65.24%分解生成莫来石,17.02%分解生成方石英和γ氧化铝. 灰分中石英类矿物含量由19.57%升至35.48%,含量为7.83%的黄铁矿中89.53%转化为磁黄铁矿,含量为17.64%的方解石完全分解且部分生成CaH2PO4. 永混煤焦化过程中,除方解石主要转化为褐硫钙石和硬石膏之外,其他矿物质的转变规律与南桐煤相近. 在南桐煤中添加5% CaO和Fe2O3焦化后,主要产物莫来石相较于添加前分别下降4.80%和5.68%,石英类矿物下降21.17%和20.17%. 同时,添加剂提高了焦炭中含钙和含铁催化性矿物的含量,且焦炭的反应性分别提高31.45%与15.05%.     

Modification of ash flow properties of coal rich in calcium and iron by coal gangue addition

Flow property of coal ash and slag is an important parameter for slag tapping of entrained flow gasifier.The viscosity of slag with high contents of calcium and iron exhibits the behavior of a crystalline slag,of which viscosity sharply increases when temperature is lowered than temperature of critical viscosity(Tcv).The fluctuation in temperature near the Tcv can cause an accumulation of slag inside the gasifier.In order to prevent slag blockage,it is necessary to adjust the ash composition by additive to modify the flow property of coal rich in calcium and iron.Main components of coal gangue are Al2O3 and SiO2,which is a potential additive to modify the ash flow properties of these coals.In this work,we inves-tigated the ash flow properties of a typical coal rich in calcium and iron by adding coal gangue with dif-ferent SiO2/Al2O3 ratio.The results showed that the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) firstly decreased,and then increased with increasing amount of coal gangue addition.Chemical composition of coal ash rich in calcium and iron moved from gehlenite primary phase to anorthite,quartz and corundum primary phases.The slags with coal gangue addition behaved as a glassy slag,of which the viscosity gradually increased as temperature decreased.Besides,a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of coal gangue was beneficial to modify the slag viscosity behavior.Addition of coal gangue with a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio impeded forma-tion of crystalline phases during cooling.This work demonstrated that coal gangue addition was an effec-tive way to improve the ash flow properties of the coal rich in calcium and iron for the entrained flow gasifier.