微波促进磺化炭催化合成乙酸异戊酯

在微波辐射下,用活性炭磺化制得固体磺化炭作为催化剂,由乙酸和异戊醇合成乙酸异戊酯。对乙酸与异戊醇酯化反应条件进行优化,优化条件是:酸醇摩尔比为1.8:1,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为20 min,催化剂用量为实际反应的乙酸质量的8%.乙酸的酯化率达85.51%.产物经过红外光谱表征。     

改性树脂催化剂催化浆态鼓泡床合成乙酸正丁酯

以改性D001型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,以乙酸和正丁醇为原料,在浆态鼓泡床多相反应器反应回流条件下催化酯化反应制备乙酸正丁酯,研究了反应器的技术优势及催化剂的特性和催化剂类型、用量对酯化反应的影响及其使用寿命. 结果表明,最佳反应条件为：正丁醇:乙酸=1.2:1(摩尔比),催化剂用量占乙酸量的40%(w),反应温度110℃,反应时间75 min,该条件下乙酸正丁酯产率达98%以上,纯度达99.5%,催化剂经洗涤活化、再生,可重复使用6次.     

SnCl4·5H2O／C催化合成乙酸乙酯

以SnCl4·5H2O/C为催化剂、用乙酸和乙醇为原料,直接酯化合成乙酸乙酯.讨论了醇酸物质的量比、反应温度以及催化剂用量等因素对酯化反应的影响,得出最佳反应条件为催化剂用量为2.5g,乙醇和乙酸的物质的量比为11.5,反应温度为95℃.催化剂重复使用率好,酯的产率高达93.38%.     

SO2-4/Sb2O3/SiO2复合固体超强酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊醇为原料,固体超强酸SO2-4/Sb2O3/SiO2作催化剂,催化合成乙酸异戊酯.考察了醇酸比、催化剂用量、反应温度与反应时间对酯化反应的影响.结果表明,乙酸异戊酯的最佳合成条件为:n(异戊醇) ∶n(乙酸)=1.4 ∶1,催化剂用量为1.2 g,反应时间4 h,反应温度108～112 ℃,在此条件下酯化率可达95.7%.并用IR手段对产品进行了确证.     

磺化硅胶催化合成乙酸系列酯的研究

磺化硅胶是一种以化学键键合而成,性能稳定的固体酸催化剂.文章以合成乙酸异戊酯为探针反应,考察磺化硅胶用量、原料配比、回流时间以及催化剂的重复使用次数对反应酯化率的影响,并将磺化硅胶用于催化合成乙酸系列酯.实验得到乙酸异戊酯的最佳合成条件为∶催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.5％,n（乙酸）∶n（异戊醇）=1∶1.5,回流时间为60 min,反应的酯化率可达97.1％,催化剂重复使用8次后的酯化率仍达80.0％.根据参考文献的最佳条件合成了乙酸系列酯的结果表明：磺化硅胶对乙酸系列酯的合成具有良好的催化活性.     

磁性固体超强酸ZrO2/SO2-4催化合成乙酸正己酯

制备了磁性固体超强酸催化剂,并用于乙酸和正己醇的酯化反应,对反应的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:乙酸用量为0.1 mol时,醇酸摩尔比为1.8,催化剂用量为1.5 g,15 ml苯作带水剂,反应时间为1.5 h,其酯化率可达89%以上,同时利用催化剂的磁性可将催化剂迅速分离.     

活性炭负载硫酸氢钠催化合成乙酸丁酯工艺

本研究以活性炭负载硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化乙酸和丁醇的酯化反应,以乙酸的转化率为考察指标,考察了摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量、反应温度等条件对合成乙酸丁酯的影响。实验结果表明,最佳的反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比为1∶3,催化剂用量10%(ω),反应温度70℃,反应时间为140 min,乙酸转化率为61%,催化剂可多次重复使用,是一种绿色的酯化反应催化剂。     

新型铁钾盐加合物催化合成乙酸丁酯的研究

研究了以铁钾盐加合物为催化剂,冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸丁酮,确定了该酯化反应的最佳条件.结果表明:以0.1mol乙酸为基准,n(乙酸):n(正丁醇)=1:1.2,催化剂用量为4%(乙酸和正丁醇总质量的质量百分数).反应时间3 h,酯化率达95.80%.     

十二烷基苯磺酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以异戊醇和乙酸为原料,十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)为催化剂,采用正交试验方法合成了乙酸异戊酯.研究了物料比、酯化时间、酯化温度和催化剂用量对酯化率的影响.确定了最佳的工艺条件为:n(酸)∶n(醇)=1∶4、催化剂用量为酸物质的量的5％、反应温度45℃、反应时间为4h,其酯化率最高可达81.57％.     

Synthesis and research on verdvl acetate

以乙酸与双环戊二烯为原料,采用加成法合成乙酸三环癸烯酯.实验中考察了乙酸与双环戊二烯在以高氯酸为催化剂,考查了原料摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂用量对酯化率的影响.确定最佳工艺条件:乙酸与双环戊二烯摩尔比为1:1.3,高氯酸为催化剂,催化剂用量为2.5％,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为5h.在此条件下合成的乙酸三环癸烯酯收率为85.75％.     

A review of ZrO2 nanoparticles applications and recent advancements

The many branches of nanoscience have made significant strides and advancements during the past ten years, as has the entire scientific community. Zirconia nanoparticles have several uses as adsorbents, nanosensors, nanocatalysts, and other types of nanomaterials. Their outstanding biomedical uses in dental care and drug delivery, as well as their intriguing biological characteristics, such as their anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activity, have further encouraged researchers to investigate their physicochemical properties using various synthetic pathways. Due to the popularity of zirconia-based nanomaterials, the current research comprehensively examines several synthesis techniques and their effects on the composition, dimensions, forms, and morphologies of these nanomaterials. In general, there are two methods for creating zirconia nanoparticles: chemical synthesis, which uses hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, microwave, solution combustion, and co-precipitation processes; and a greener method, which uses bacteria, fungi, and plant components. The aforementioned techniques have been evaluated in the present review for achieving particular phases and shapes. A thorough analysis of zirconia-based nanomaterial's uses is also included in the review. Furthermore, comparisons with their equivalent composites for various applications as well as the influence of particular phases and morphologies have been added. The final portion includes the summary, future outlook, and potential application.     

Semiochemistry of the Goldeneyed Lacewing Chrysopa oculata: Attraction of Males to a Male-Produced Pheromone

Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (G3C-EAD) experiments showed that antennae of males and females of the goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata Say (Co. = Chrysopa), consistently responded to four compounds extracted from the abdominal cuticle of males:nonanal, nonanol, nonanoic acid, and (1R*,2S*,5R*,8R*)-iridodial. These compounds were not detected from abdominal cuticle of females. Thoracic extracts of both sexes contained antennal-stimulatory 1-tridecene and EAD-inactive skatole. Chrysopa oculata adults were most sensitive to (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial standard at an EAD-response threshold between 0.1 and 1 pg, which was 10-100 times lower than thresholds for nonanal and nonanoic acid, and up to 10,000 times lower than thresholds for other compounds tested. A similar EAD response pattern was also found in another Chrysopa sp. (Co. quadripunctata Burmeister). In field-trapping experiments, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial was the only male-specific compound that attracted Co. oculata males. Males also were weakly attracted to (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (an aphid sex pheromone component), probably due to the 5% (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial present in the synthetic sample as an impurity. A herbivore-induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate, increased attraction of males to (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial, whereas 1-tridecene was antagonistic. No females were caught in the entire study. Scanning electron micrographs revealed numerous male-specific, elliptical epidermal glands on the 3rd-8th abdominal sternites of Co. oculata, which are likely the pheromone glands. Another lacewing species, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Cl. = Chrysoperla), did not produce male-specific volatiles or possess the type of gland presumed to produce pheromone in Co. oculata males, but (Z)-4-tridecene was identified as a major antennal-stimulatory compound from thoracic extracts of both sexes of Cl. rufilabris. Thus, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial (or its enantiomer) is now identified as a male-produced male aggregation pheromone for Co. oculata, the first pheromone identified for lacewings.     

Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.     

The Emerging Roles of Chromogranins and Derived Polypeptides in Atherosclerosis,Diabetes, and Coronary Heart Disease

Chromogranin A (CgA), B (CgB), and C (CgC), the family members of the granin glycoproteins, are associated with diabetes. These proteins are abundantly expressed in neurons, endocrine, and neuroendocrine cells. They are also present in other areas of the body. Patients with diabetic retinopathy have higher levels of CgA, CgB, and CgC in the vitreous humor. In addition, type 1 diabetic patients have high CgA and low CgB levels in the circulating blood. Plasma CgA levels are increased in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. CgA is the precursor to several functional peptides, including catestatin, vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, pancreastatin, chromofungin, and many others. Catestatin, vasostain-1, and vasostatin-2 suppress the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. Catestatin and vasostatin-1 suppress oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in human macrophages. Catestatin and vasostatin-2, but not vasostatin-1, suppress the proliferation and these three peptides suppress the migration in human vascular smooth muscles. Chronic infusion of catestatin, vasostatin-1, or vasostatin-2 suppresses the development of atherosclerosis of the aorta in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Catestatin, vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, and chromofungin protect ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Since pancreastatin inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, and regulates glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissues, pancreastatin inhibitor peptide-8 (PSTi8) improves insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Catestatin stimulates therapeutic angiogenesis in the mouse hind limb ischemia model. Gene therapy with secretoneurin, a CgC-derived peptide, stimulates postischemic neovascularization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and improves diabetic neuropathy in db/db mice. Therefore, CgA is a biomarker for atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. CgA- and CgC--derived polypeptides provide the therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and ischemia-induced tissue damages. PSTi8 is useful in the treatment of diabetes.     

A review of liquid silicone rubber injection molding: Process variables and process modeling

Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is an elastomer molded into critical performance components for applications in medical, power, consumer, automotive, and aerospace applications. This article reviews process behavior, material modeling, and simulation of the (LSR) injection molding process. Each phase of the LSR injection molding process is discussed, including resin handling, plastication, injection, pack and hold, and curing; and factors affecting the molding process are reviewed. Processing behavior of LSR is marked by transient interactions between curing, shear rate, temperature, pressure, and tooling. Therefore, current LSR models for curing, viscosity, pressure, and temperature are discussed. Process dynamics and material modeling are combined in LSR injection molding simulations with applications in mold design, troubleshooting process-induced defects, and management of shear stress and non-uniform temperatures between LSR and substrates during overmolding. Finally, case studies using commercial simulation software are presented, which have shown cavity pressure and flow front advancement within 3% of experimental values. Optimization of LSR materials, data collection, model fitting, venting, and bonding remain areas of continued interest.     

Using symmetry to understand the attributes of color

The common attributes of color are distinguishable by their symmetries. Hue, saturation, chroma, chromaticness, whiteness, and blackness symmetries are discussed. Symmetries are generally not sufficient to specify unique formulas for color attributes, nor are they an endorsement of color model accuracy. However, symmetries do provide constraints for valid formulae, which are useful even when symmetries are only approximate. They also provide an alternate conceptual understanding of color attributes that differs from standard color science definitions. Symmetries provide a simplified framework for calculating groups of colors that share color attributes. Color models examined include the Hunt Model, a simple color model (SCM), various CIE color spaces, and IPT. A general functional form describes symmetries and scaling laws for many color models, and exceptions are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 27–44, 2008     

Potential of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Carbon Nanotube Composite in Energy,Electronics, and Membrane Technology: An Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic and electroactive polymer with piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, thermal stability, elasticity, and chemical resistance. PVDF exits in five different phases (α, β, δ, γ, and ε-phase). Unique properties of this polymer enhances its use in chemical, biomedical, and electronic industries such as supercapacitors, transducers, actuators, and batteries. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is used as reinforcement to exploit full potential of PVDF in energy, electronics, and membrane technology. The nanofiller affects morphology, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF-based nanocomposite. CNT content and chemical modification influence properties as well as application of PVDF.     

Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver,Castor canadensis

Behavioral activity of single components of beaver castoreum was demonstrated for the first time. In four experiments samples were presented to free-ranging beaver in their family territories. First, responses to whole castoreum and anal gland secretion (AGS) from males and females were tested. Second, 24 compounds, known to be constituents of beaver castoreum, were individually screened for activity. Four of these consistently released immediate responses during the observation periods. These are the phenols 4-ethylphenol and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone. In the most complete responses, the beaver sniffed from the water, were attracted to the odor, swam toward its source, went on land, and then approached, sniffed, pawed, and scent-marked the artificial scent mound. 4-Ethoxyphenol, a compound not yet found in castoreum, also released these responses. Five additional compounds resulted in a few delayed visits to the samples during the night following the observations, as evidenced by destroyed scent mounds. These are 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Third, mixtures of 24 and six compounds were tested. Responses to these mixtures could be as strong as those to whole castoreum. Fourth, the four regularly active compounds were tested in two additional beaver populations and proved to be active there, too. The response was strongest in the densest beaver population.     

Enhancing the daytime conspicuity of pedestrians through the usage of fluorescent materials

The issue of daytime, pedestrian visibility, especially where occupational activities are involved, can be well served by bringing existing and related knowledge on high-visibility materials together with new product capabilities. Formulated strategically, this information can beneficially serve the personal safety of our society. This particular form of personal safety involves being seen, most critically, by operators of motorized vehicles. Therefore, the issues of visibility, visibility enhancement, and conspicuity are focused upon through the use of high-visibility materials. High-visibility materials include but are not limited to retroreflective forms. In daytime and dusk/dawn conditions, fluorescent-colored products can serve as high-visibility materials used to effectively generate enhanced conspicuity. the time has now come to more aggressively research what we may intuitively believe and then apply this knowledge. to more fully grasp what is involved, we must take into account the following: 1. a basic understanding of fluorescence, 2. basic human vision and perception, 3. situations calling for enhanced conspicuity, 4. strategies for use, 5. product development, 6. specfications, guidelines and standards, 7. public education, and awareness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analyses of Avocado (Persea americana) Nectar Properties and their Perception by Honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Honey bees are important avocado pollinators. However, due to the low attractiveness of flowers, pollination is often inadequate. Previous work has revealed that avocado honey is relatively unattractive to honey bees when compared with honey from competing flowers. We characterized avocado honey and nectar with respect to their odor, color, and composition of sugars, phenolic compounds, and minerals. Furthermore, we tested how honey bees perceive these parameters, using the proboscis extension response bioassay and preference experiments with free-flying bees. Naïve bees were indifferent to odors of avocado and citrus flowers and honey. Experienced bees, which were collected in the field during the blooming season, responded preferentially to odor of citrus flowers. The unique sugar composition of avocado nectar, which contains almost exclusively sucrose and a low concentration of the rare carbohydrate perseitol, and the dark brown color of avocado honey, had no negative effects on its attractiveness to the bees. Phenolic compounds extracted from avocado honey were attractive to bees and adding them to a solution of sucrose increased its attractiveness. Compared with citrus nectar and nonavocado honey, avocado nectar and honey were rich in a wide range of minerals, including potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and copper. Potassium and phosphorus, the two major minerals, both had a repellent effect on the bees. Possible explanations for the presence of repellent components in avocado nectar are discussed.