Microencapsulation of stearic acid with polymethylmethacrylate using iron (Ⅲ) chloride as photo-initiator for thermal energy storage

Aiming to identify the validity of fabricating microencapsulated phase change material (PCM) with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by ultraviolet curing emulsion polymerization method using iron (Ⅲ) chloride as photoinitiator,SA/PMMA microcapsules were prepared and various techniques were employed to determine the ignition mechanism,structural characteristics and thermal properties of the composite.The results shown that the microcapsules containing SA with maximum percentage of 52.20 wt％ formed by radical mechanism and only physical interactions existed in the components both in the prepared process and subsequent use.The phase change temperatures and latent heats of the microencapsulated SA were measured as 55.3 ℃ and 102.1 J.g-1 for melting,and 48.8 ℃ and 102.8 J.g-1 for freezing,respectively.Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that SA/PMMA has good thermal durability in working temperature range.The results of accelerated thermal cycling test are all shown that the SA/PMMA have excellent thermal reliability and chemical stability although they were subjected 1000 melting/freezing cycles.In summary,the comparable thermal storage ability and good thermal reliability facilitated SA/PMMA to be considered as a viable candidate for thermal energy storage.The successful fabrication of SA/PMMA capsules indicates that ferric chloride is a prominent candidate for synthesizing PMMA containing PCM composite.     

应用于低温加热的肉豆蔻酸和硬脂酸共熔混合物的储热特性

Stearic acid （67.83℃） and myristic acid （52.32℃） have high melting temperatures that can limit their use as phase change material （PCM） in low temperature solar heating applications such as solar space and greenhouse heating in regard to climatic requirements. However, their melting temperatures can be adjusted to a suitable value by preparing a eutectic mixture of the myristic acid （MA） and the stearic acid （SA）. In the present study, the thermal analysis based on differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） technique shows that the mixture of myristic acid （MA） and stearic acid （SA） in the respective composition （by mass） of 64% and 36% forms a eutectic mixture having melting temperature of 44.13℃ and the latent heat of fusion of 182.4J.g^-1. The thermal energy storage characteristics of the MA-SA eutectic mixture filled in the annulus of two concentric pipes were also experimentally established. The heat recovery rate and heat charging/discharging fractions were determined with respect to the change in the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Based on the results obtained by DSC analysis and by the heat charging/discharging processes of the PCM, it can be concluded that the MA-SA eutectic mixture is a potential material for low temperature thermal energy storage applications in terms of its thermo-physical and thermal characteristics.     

铁酸镍负载TiO2的可磁分离光催化剂的制备及性能

A magnetically separable photocatalyst TiO2/SiO2/NiFe2O4 （TSN） with a typical ferromagnetic hysteresis was prepared by a liquid catalytic phase transfer method. When the intensity of applied magnetic field weakened to zero, the remnant magnetism of the prepared photocatalyst faded to zero. The photocatalytst can be separated from water when an external magnetic field is added and redispersed into aqueous solution after the external magnetic field is eliminated, that makes the photocatalysts promising for wastewater treatment. Transmission electron microscope （TEM） and X-ray diffractometer （XRD） were used to characterize the structure of the photocatalyst indicating that the magnetic SiOffNiFe204 （SN） particle was compactly enveloped by P-25 titania and Tit2 shell was formed. The magnetic composite showed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange in water. A thin SiO2 layer between NiFe2O4 and TiO2 shell prevented effectively the leakage of charges from TiO2 particles to NiFe2O4, which gave rise to the increase in photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the experiment on recycled use of TSN demonstrated a good repeatability of the photocatalytic activity.     

The establishment of Boron nitride@sodium alginate foam/polyethyleneglycol composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity,shape stability,and reusability

Adopting organic phase change materials(PCMs) for the management of electronic devices is restricted by low thermal conductivity. In this paper, the composite PCMs are established by freeze-drying and vacuum impregnation. Herein, polyethylene glycol(PEG) is induced as heat storage materials, boron nitride(BN) is embedded as filler stacking in an orderly fashion on the foam walls to improve thermal conductivity and sodium alginate(SA) is formed as supporting material to keep the shape of the comp...     

A phase inversion based sponge-like polysulfonamide/SiO2 composite separator for high performance lithium-ion batteries

In this work,a sponge-like polysulfonamide(PSA)/SiO_2 composite membrane is unprecedentedly prepared by the phase inversion method,and successfully demonstrated as a novel separator of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Compared to the commercial polypropylene(PP) separator,the sponge-like PSA/SiO_2 composite possesses better physical and electrochemical properties,such as higher porosity,ionic conductivity,thermal stability and flame retarding ability.The LiCoO_2/Li half-cells using the sponge-like composite separator demonstrate superior rate capability and cyclability over those using the commercial PP separator.Moreover,the sponge-like composite separator can ensure the normal operation of LiCoO_2/Li half-cell at an extremely high temperature of 90 °C,while the commercial PP separator cannot.All these encouraging results suggest that this phase inversion based sponge-like PSA/SiO_2 composite separator is really a promising separator for high performance LIBs.     

Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds by Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe Powders as Advanced Zero-valent Iron

Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe composite powders (MAF) with high reactivity and good storage properties were prepared by reducing iron onto the surface of Al-Zn-Mg alloy powders. Experimental results show that MAF as advanced zero-valent iron are highly effective for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. The efficiency of degradation for carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene is higher than 99% within a period of 2 h. The efficiency of degradation for trichloroethylene by MAF after storing for one month is equivalent to that by freshly prepared nano-size zero-valent iron particles.     

含Y2O3的锂铝硅系统微晶玻璃

The rare earth oxide Y2O3 was added to the system Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2 glass—ceramics and the effects of Y2O3 on the properties of melting, crystallizing, microstruoture as well as thermal expansion coefficient of the glass was studied by DTA, SEM and XRD. The results indicate that, adding YZO3 to Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2 systems glass could increase the viscosity of glass melt, in6rease the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature of glass,increase the volume fraction of crystals while the crystal types are not changed, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass-ceramics decreases with the increasing of Y2O3 content.     

Synthesis of ZrO2 -SiC Composite by Carbothermal Reduction of Zircon

Zircon （mesh size ≤ 44μm ） and carbon black （mesh size ≤30μm ） were used as the starting materials, weighed with re（zircon） ： re（carbon black） of 100 ： 20 and mixed fully. The specimens with the diameter of 20ram and length of 5ram were prepared by pressing at 100 MPa, then dried at 120℃ for 12h, put into a furnace with 1. 5L ·min^-1 argon gas and fired at 1450℃, 1500℃, 1550℃, 1600℃ and 1650℃ for 4h, respectively. The chemical composition, phase composition and microstructure of the specimens were studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope, and the carbothermal reduction reaction process was discussed by thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the ZrO2-SiC composite could be synthesized by carbothermal reduction reaction using zircon and carbon black as the starting materials in argon atmosphere. The composite with different composition was obtained by controlling the firing temperature and partial pressure of CO gas. The proper temperature to synthesize ZrO2-SiC composite was 1600℃ in this experiment.     

Preparation and phase change performance of Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O@poly(lactic acid) capsules for thermal energy storage

Micro-encapsulated phase-change materials(micro PCMs) with Na_2 HPO_4·12 H_2 O encapsulated in poly(lactic acid)(PLA) shell were prepared by a solvent evaporation–precipitation method that involves the use of a coaxial needle. The effects of PLA concentration, stirring speed, injection rate of core and shell solutions, and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) concentration on phase change properties were investigated. The thermal properties of microP CMs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The capsules prepared under the optimal conditions are about 2 mm in diameter and show a latent heat of up to 122.2 J·g~(-1).     

Preparation of ZrN （ZrON）-SiAlON Composite Ceramics via a Pressureless Sintering Process

ZrN-SiAlON composite materials were synthesized at 1 550 ℃ for 6 h via a carbothermal reduction nitridation route using fly ash （≤74 μm）,zircon （≤ 44 μm） and active carbon as starting materials.The processed ZrN-SiAlON composite micropowders were mixed with polyvinyl alcohol as binder to prepare ZrN （ZrON）-SiAlON composite ceramics by carbon-embedded pressureless firing at 1 450,1 500 and 1 550 ℃ for 1 h,respectively.Influences of firing temperature on the phase compositions,microstructure and sintering properties of the ceramics were investigated.The results show that：（1） β-SiAlON based composite ceramics with different compositions can be prepared by controlling firing temperature,and the main crystalline phases of the specimen fired at 1 550 ℃ for 1 h involve ZrN,ZrON and β-SiAlON （z =2,Si4Al2O2N6）; （2） ZrN （ZrON）,β-SiAlON and a Fe-Si based compound can be observed in the microstructures of the specimens fired at different temperatures.ZrN （ZrON） particles distribute homogeneously in the β-SiAlON matrix; （3） raising firing temperature can increase the shrinkage ratio of the ceramics,and the volume shrinkage ratio increases from 19.4％ to 40.3％ when the firing temperature rises from 1 450 to 1 550 ℃.     

黄磷渣与硫酸钠-氯化钠制备高温复合相变储能材料

以黄磷渣及硫酸钠-氯化钠(Na₂SO₄-NaCl)为原料，采用混合烧结法制备了高温复合相变储能材料(C-PCMs)，并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重分析等手段分析了C-PCMs的化学相容性、力学特性、相变特性及热稳定性。结果表明：相变材料Na₂SO₄-NaCl在高温环境下对黄磷渣的侵蚀作用较小，两者具有良好的化学相容性；随着Na₂SO₄-NaCl掺量的增加，C-PCMs的结构趋于致密，力学强度及潜热值逐渐增大；当相变材料Na₂SO₄-NaCl掺量超过60%(质量分数)时，C-PCMs出现明显的泄漏现象；当相变材料Na₂SO₄-NaCl掺量为60%(质量分数)时，CPCMs的抗压强度、维氏硬度、密度和潜热值分别为122.30 MPa、208.90 HV、2.08 g/cm3和119.09 J/g，经120次热循环，C-PCMs中的Na₂SO_...     

形态稳定的Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O共晶盐相变储能材料的制备及热性能提升

在复合相变材料中引入碳纳米纤维(CNFs)提高相变体系的导热系数,以实现相变材料与外界环境进行快速有效的热量交换。本文采用熔融共混法将Na₂SO₄·10H₂O和Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O制备成共晶盐相变材料,借助聚丙烯酸钠构筑三维聚合物网络封装相变材料,利用CNFs提升复合材料的导热系数。通过Raman、XPS等测试方法,研究了CNFs经高能球磨、湿化学氧化处理后,其表面含氧官能团的变化;借助Raman、DSC、Hot disk、TG等测试方法,分析了CNFs对复合材料化学相容性、相变行为、热稳定性、潜热容量、导热系数的影响。结果表明:CNFs经过功能化处理,氧、碳原子比增大至0.140,氧化效果显著;CNFs引入至复合相变材料中,体系内各组分之间存在良好的化学相容性;当CNFs的添加量达到3%(质量分数),复合材料的固、液态导热系数分别达到1.05 W/(m·K)、0.88 W/(m·K),相较于未添加CNFs的复合材料,固、液态导热性能分别提升了69.4%、60.0%;经过1 000次循环试验,复合材料的熔融焓和结晶焓相较循环前分别下降了56.2%、65.3%,相变体系仍然具备一定的储热能力,表明将相变材料嵌入三维网络结构是一种有效的封装策略。     

热化学复合吸附储热循环的理论及实验

对一种基于固-气可逆化学反应的热化学复合吸附储热循环的储热特性以及能量品位提升性能进行了理论分析,并以MnCl₂/SrCl₂/NH₃作为工质对进行了实验研究。理论分析表明,热化学复合吸附储热循环不仅可以降低外界驱动热源的温度并保证输出热能温度稳定,而且能大幅度地提升输出热能的温度品位。在MnCl₂和SrCl₂都参与放热的实验工况下,获得的储热效率为93.31%。MnCl₂复合吸附剂的总储热密度按单位质量反应盐MnCl₂和单位质量的固化吸附剂计量分别为4393.36和3734.36 kJ·kg^-1;SrCl₂复合吸附剂的总储热密度按单位质量反应盐SrCl₂和单位质量的固化吸附剂计量分别为1947.28和1655.19 kJ·kg^-1。结果表明,热化学储热是一种相当有潜力的储热方式,可为低品位热能的高效回收利用提供强有力的技术支持。     

两类复合无机相变储热材料高温热稳定性和安全性研究

以适合工业储热的复合无机相变储热材料硝酸盐（KNO₃、NaNO₃）和碳酸盐（Li₂CO₃、K₂CO₃、Na₂CO₃和CaCO₃）为相变组分，研究了4种不同配比硝酸盐相变组分和6种不同配比碳酸盐相变组分的热性能（熔点、潜热）差异，分别优选出一种熔融盐相变组分配比。利用多孔载体吸附原理，制备出两种最佳配比的复合熔融盐类储热材料，分析了储热材料在不同介质气氛中（Ar和air）分解难易程度，TG-DSC-MS联用测试的高温热分解产物表明，复合硝酸盐类储热材料在中温（300℃）储热时，物理化学性能稳定，安全性较好，但在高温（500℃以上）时易分解成NO和NO₂，且air气氛中更易生成有毒气体；而复合碳酸盐类储热材料在air中比在Ar中更易生成CO而影响储热过程中的安全性。     

Research on high temperature thermal stability and safety of two types of composite inorganic phase change thermal storage materials

In this paper, nitrate (KNO₃, NaNO₃) and carbonate (Li₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃ and CaCO₃), which are composite inorganic phase change thermal storage materials suitable for industrial thermal storage, non-toxic and less corrosive, are used as phase change components, respectively. The thermal properties (melting point, latent heat) of 4 different ratios of nitrate phase change components and 6 different ratios of carbonate phase change components were studied, and a distribution ratio of molten salt phase change components was selected respectively. Using the principle of porous carrier adsorption, two types of composite molten salt thermal storage materials with the best ratio were prepared. The ease of decomposition of the thermal storage materials in different media atmospheres (Ar and air) was analyzed. TG-DSC-MS tested high temperature thermal decomposition products show that the composite nitrate thermal storage materials have stable physical and chemical properties and good safety when storing thermal at medium temperature (300℃), but they are easy to decompose NO and high temperature (500℃) or higher. NO₂ and air atmosphere are more likely to generate toxic gases, and composite carbonate thermal storage materials are more likely to generate CO in air than Ar, which affects the safety of the thermal storage process.     

日光温室用无机复合相变材料的制备及应用研究

为改善日光温室热环境,采用步冷曲线法和差示扫描量热法等实验方法研究制备了一种Na₂SO₄·10H₂O-Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O基复合相变材料,并将其改性后应用在温室模型中进行效果实验。实验结果表明：改性后此材料的最佳配比（质量分数）为21.37%Na₂SO₄·10H₂O+64.10%Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O+4.27%KCl+4.27%H₂O+4.27%Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O+0.86%石墨粉+0.86%羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）,其过冷度降至0.6 ℃、相变温度为25.1 ℃、相变潜热为143.7 J/g,经过200次冷热循环实验,相变材料仍能保持较好的相变性能;将其应用在温室模型中对比发现,该相变材料可减小温室内温度波动,晴天条件下相变材料可使室内最高温度降低1.6~3.1 ℃,使室内最低温度提高1.7~2.7 ℃,使土壤温度提高0.3~1.4 ℃,且连续晴天条件下相变材料的控温效果更加明显。     

Na2HPO4?12H2O相变储能复合材料制备及热物性

十二水磷酸氢二钠的过冷度、相分离以及热导率低等问题影响了其在低温蓄热场合的应用,因此需要对其进行相关的改性研究。本文通过成核剂和增稠剂的筛选实验及添加导热增强剂纳米氧化铁（α-Fe₂O₃）,制备了质量分数为Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O+2% Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O+1%黄原胶（GX）+0.2%α-Fe₂O₃复合相变储能材料,并对其进行了凝固放热测试、热物性测试及循环稳定性测试。结果表明：2%的Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O抑制过冷效果最好,成核效果不随循环次数的增加而减小,过冷度维持在2℃左右;GX可以有效抑制Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O的相分离现象,且质量分数为0.75%～1.25%是较合适的剂量;α-Fe₂O₃可以有效地提高Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O的热导率,添加0.2%α-Fe₂O₃使热导率提高了90.8%;循环150次后,复合相变储能材料的相变潜热值为252J/g,相比于循环前衰减了7.4%,相变温度为35.4℃,过冷度为1.3℃,热导率为2.054W/(m·K),相比纯材料提高了100.2%。改性后的复合相变储能材料相变温度适宜,潜热值大,热导率高,热性能稳定,可推广应用到热泵蓄热、温室生产和电子器件散热等领域。     

NaNO3/SiO2复合定形相变材料的溶胶-凝胶法制备与表征

以硅酸钠和硝酸为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硝酸钠/氧化硅(NaNO3/SiO2)复合定形相变材料,分析了材料的组成、物相、热稳定性和相变性能. 结果表明,原位生成的NaNO3作为相变物质分散在载体SiO2的多孔网络结构中形成定形相变材料,仅是NaNO3与SiO2的物理复合,制备和焙烧过程中都没有产生新物质. 材料在低于600℃时具有良好的热稳定性,融熔热和结晶热分别为144.1和142.6 kJ/kg,融熔和结晶温度分别为302.3和301.2℃. 经100次热循环后,材料的相变热和相变温度基本保持不变.     

温室用Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O复合定形相变材料制备及性能

十水硫酸钠因过冷度、相分离、相变温度过高和液相泄漏等问题,限制了其在日光温室中的应用,所以需要对其进行改性研究。本文通过添加十二水磷酸氢二钠改善过冷度、氯化钾降低相变温度以及树脂作基体解决相分离和液相泄漏,制备出了Na₂SO₄·10H₂O+80% Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O+6% KCl+6%树脂（质量分数,余同）的复合定形相变材料,并进行了升降温、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和循环稳定性的测试。结果表明：添加80%十二水磷酸氢二钠,其过冷度和相变潜热分别为1.35℃和268.7J/g;再添加6% KCl可以使相变温度达到温室所需温度23.89℃,且潜热为183.25J/g;最后加入6%树脂可以抑制相变材料的相分离和液相泄漏等问题,其凝固温度为11.56℃,熔化温度为22.61℃,过冷度为1.41℃,相变潜热为143.6J/g。复合定形相变材料在加热到50℃时,没有液相泄漏产生;经过100次循环,其潜热降为127.8J/g,比循环1次衰减了11.2%。得到的复合定形相变材料具有潜热值较大、相变温度合适、热稳定性较好等优点,适合应用于日光温室领域。     

Na2SO4掺杂含MgO铝酸钙熟料的结构表征及浸出性能

使用分析纯MgO、CaCO₃、SiO₂、Al₂O₃与Na₂SO₄在1350℃保温1 h合成了掺杂Na₂SO₄的含MgO铝酸钙熟料,在Na₂CO₃溶液体系下研究了其氧化铝浸出性能,通过XRD等分析手段对其晶体结构和自粉化性能进行了研究。结果表明,Na₂SO₄可以显著提升铝酸钙熟料的浸出性能,Na₂SO₄掺杂量由0%提高到4%,熟料的氧化铝浸出率由61.89%提高到92.01%,继续添加Na₂SO₄,浸出性能趋于稳定。由XRD结果可知,Na₂SO₄促使20CaO·13Al₂O₃·3MgO·3SiO₂（Q相）发生分解并使其转变为12CaO·7Al₂O₃（C₁₂A₇）。Na⁺进入C₁₂A₇晶格引起晶格畸变,从而提高C₁₂A₇的氧化铝浸出性能。Na₂SO₄的加入降低了熟料的自粉化性能,Na₂SO₄掺杂量由0%提高到6%,熟料的自粉率由97.46%下降到85.34%,当Na₂SO₄掺杂量达到10%后,熟料自粉率仅为36.3%。