铸造铝-硅合金化学镀镍-磷-铈合金镀层

在铸造铝-硅合金表面化学镀镍-磷-铈合金镀层,并对其微观形貌、成分、晶相结构、耐蚀性及硬度进行了观察与测试。结果表明:镀层为晶体结构,铈的加入可以细化镀层晶粒;添加硝酸铈得到的化学镀镍-磷-铈合金镀层的耐蚀性更好;化学镀镍-磷-铈合金镀层镀态的硬度比基体的高242.8 MPa,并随着热处理温度的升高而增大。     

化学镀镍-铜-磷三元合金工艺的研究

为提高化学镀镍－磷合金镀层的性能及获得多种性能的合金镀层以拓宽其应用范围。在化学镀镍－磷合金液中加入硫酸铜制得镍－铜－磷三元合金。研究了镀液中硫酸镍、次磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、硫酸铜、稳定剂、光亮剂的含量以及pH值和温度等因素对合金镀层的外观、沉积速度及铜含量的影响。通过5％氯化钠溶液和10％硫酸溶液浸泡试验比较了所得镍－铜－磷合金镀层与镍－磷合金镀层以及前人制得的镍－磷合金镀层的耐蚀性，同时比较了上述镀层的其它性能。结果表明，所得镍－铜－磷合金镀层的耐蚀性、外观、结合力、孔隙率、沉积速度、硬度和耐磨性等性能优于镍－磷合金及前人制得的镍－铜－磷合金镀层。     

前处理工艺对铝基Ni-P化学镀层性能的影响

针对铝合金易产生晶间腐蚀、表面硬度低、不耐磨损等缺点,利用金相显微观察、扫描电镜能谱测定、增重法、热震网格实验和失重法,以镀速、镀层结合强度、显微硬度以及耐蚀性为考核指标,研究了以硫酸镍为主盐、以次磷酸钠为还原剂、以焦磷酸钠为络合剂的预化学镀镍磷合金过程的工艺参数以及预化学镀和活化时间对镀层性能的影响。研究结果表明,所获得的活化-预化学镀镍磷合金前处理新工艺可显著提高镀层与基体的结合强度和沉积速率,同时得到的镀层组织结构致密均匀、硬度好、耐蚀性优良。     

符合RoHS、ELV欧盟指令的环保化学镀镍工艺

为了顺应RoHS、ELV指令的要求,开发了无铅/镉化学镀镍工艺。从镀层合金成分、中性盐雾实验、硬度、耐磨性、整平性、内应力、微观形貌、镀速、镀液稳定性和含磷量等方面与中磷化学镀镍工艺进行了比较。结果表明,无铅/镉化学镀镍工艺镀液更稳定,所得的镍镀层内应力稍高;硬度、耐蚀性、可焊性、附着力等性能相当;而耐磨性、耐污性、沉积速度和含磷量均高于中磷化学镀镍工艺,尤其是镀层亮度、微观结构和整平效应表现更优。     

中温酸性化学镀镍络合剂的研究

通过考察乳酸、丙二酸、柠檬酸以及无机酸L浓度对工艺的影响,确定了合适的中温酸性化学镀镍工艺,其中复合络合剂由乳酸与无机酸L组成,含量均为10mL／L。测定了该中温酸性化学镀镍的沉积速度以及镀层的结合力、硬度、耐蚀性与磷含量,并通过扫描电镜观察了镀层的形貌及微观结构。结果表明,该中温化学镀镍层光亮平整、结构致密均匀、显微硬度可达480HV,耐硝酸点蚀时间大于180s,磷含量为7．50％,镀速达20μm／h。该工艺可与高温化学镀镍媲美。     

化学复合镀镍-磷-氧化铝工艺研究

为进一步提高化学镀镍磷合金层的性能，在镀液中加入氧化铝粒子制度得镍－磷－氧化铝复合镀层。研究了镀液中各成分及操作条件对镀速的影响，并对镀层的组织结构和性能进行了测试。结果表明，该工艺镀液稳定性好，所得复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性优于镍磷合金镀层。     

化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金镀层

研究了化学镀镍-铜-磷镀液的组成、pH、温度等工艺参数对化学镀镍-铜-磷镀层镀速和组织性能的影响。通过透射电子显微镜和显微硬度仪等仪器对镀层的组织性能进行研究,从而得到组成与工艺对于镀层组织性能的影响规律,结果表明当热处理温度在400℃时,镀层的显微硬度最高,可以达到1080 HV。     

镁-锂合金化学镀镍-铜-磷的研究

对镁-锂合金化学镀镍-铜-磷的酸洗、活化、预镀等前处理工序进行了研究,并对化学镀镍-铜-磷合金镀层的性能进行了测试。结果表明:相比浸锌处理,化学预镀镍更适合用于镁-锂合金的镀前预处理。化学镀镍-铜-磷合金镀层为膜层状的中磷混晶结构,其中铜的质量分数为3.66%。交流阻抗测试结果表明,化学镀镍-铜-磷合金镀层对镁-锂合金基体起到了较好的防护作用。     

钛合金化学镀镍工艺

采用一种含有氢氟酸的酸性溶液作为活化溶液,对钛合金表面进行化学镀镍。讨论了活化液、络合剂、Ni2 及H2PO2-浓度、缓冲剂及温度的确定。分别介绍了除膜、活化、预镀镍及化学镀镍工艺规范。对该镀镍层的耐蚀性及含磷量进行了测定,并对该镀层热处理前后的硬度、厚度、结合力、氢含量、耐磨损性及表面微观形貌进行了测试与比较。结果表明,采用本工艺可在钛合金表面沉积出70μm左右的镍磷合金镀层,磷含量在8%~11%(质量分数);氢含量可控制在50mg/kg;经200℃热处理1h后镀层硬度达到600HV,镀层与基体结合力好;经350℃热处理1h后镀层硬度达850HV,耐磨损性良好。该镀层可满足航空钛合金部件的要求。     

电刷镀镍-磷合金的研究

本文简述了电刷镀镍-磷合金的基本原理及镀液成分。电刷镀镍-磷合金的特性、组织、结构、硬度、耐磨性等,并对其它的一些特性也进行了讨论。根据其组织结构和镀层性能的分析,为制定电刷镀及镀后处理工艺提供了理论依据。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.