溶胶-凝胶-共沸蒸馏技术制备纳米SnO_2粉体

以SnCl4.5H2O为原料,NH3.H2O为沉淀剂,采用溶胶-凝胶-共沸蒸馏技术制备纳米SnO2粉体,实验考察了原料浓度、反应温度、反应终点pH值、干燥脱水方式、焙烧温度等工艺条件对纳米SnO2粉体粒径的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:SnCl4溶液浓度为0.2mol/L,氨水浓度控制在8%~10%,终点pH值控制2.5,反应温度65℃,温度为500℃时焙烧3h。该制备工艺分别采用醇洗和共沸蒸馏两种脱水方式,将制备得到的粉末用BET、FT-IR、TG-DSC、XRD和TEM等进行表征,采用共沸蒸馏脱水工艺所得的SnO2粉末最小平均粒径可至7.2nm,且无团聚存在。     

水热法合成锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛

以Ti(SO4 ) 2 为原料 ,采用水热法制备了锐钛矿型二氧化钛纳米粉体 ,利用XRD、激光粒度仪等分析测试手段对所得二氧化钛粉体的晶相组成、粒径分布等性质进行了表征。探讨了反应温度和反应时间对粉体晶型及粒径的影响     

撞击流反应制备纳米氧化镁

在浸没循环撞击流反应器中,以六水合氯化镁和氢氧化钾为原料,通过直接沉淀法制备出纳米氧化镁,并对其进行了XRD和TEM表征.探讨了反应物浓度、反应温度、原料配比、加料时间及螺旋桨转速等因素对收率的影响,并初步确定出在SCISR中制备纳米氧化镁较适宜的工艺条件.     

球形纳米氧化钇的制备与表征

以尿素为沉淀剂,硝酸钇为钇源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分散剂,采用均相沉淀法制备球形纳米氧化钇粉体,研究了反应物浓度比、表面活性剂用量、反应时间、搅拌转速、反应温度对氧化钇形貌及粒径的影响。通过激光粒度分析、X射线衍射（XRD）分析、扫描电镜（SEM）分析、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）分析等手段对样品进行表征。结果表明,反应物浓度比、反应时间、搅拌转速、反应温度会影响粉体的尺寸,适量CTAB的加入可显著降低氧化钇的粒径;在最佳工艺条件下,可制得粒径大小为110~130 nm的球形氧化钇粉体。     

溶胶-胶水热合成法制备纳米CoAl2O4粉体

以仲丁醇铝和硝酸钴为原料,用溶胶-凝胶水热合成法制备了纳米CoAl2O4粉体,探讨了水热合成中前驱体的制备工艺条件,并用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段分析了水热系统中反应温度、反应时间对纳米CoAl2O4粉体的形成以及形貌的影响.结果表明:前驱体在250℃的水热系统中反应24 h,能制备出较纯净、结晶完整、粒度均匀、粒径小、尖晶石结构的纳米CoAl2O4粉体,其平均粒度约为50～60nm.     

纳米ZAO复合粉体的制备及性能表征

以Zn(Ac)2·2H2O和Al(NO3)3·9H2O为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZnO/Al2O3(ZAO)复合粉体.研究了Al2O3掺杂浓度、锌离子浓度、反应温度、pH值、反应时间和烧结温度等对粉体平均粒径的影响,用正交实验得到最佳制备方案.用激光粒度分析(LPA)、能谱分析(EDAX)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)和X-射线衍射分析(XRD)对粉体的性能进行了表征.结果表明:制备的纳米ZAO粉属于六方晶系纤锌矿结构.其X-射线衍射图谱中并没有氧化铝的衍射峰,Al3 取代了Zn2 的位置,形成固熔体.Al2O3掺杂浓度、锌离子浓度、pH值和烧结温度等对粉体平均粒径的影响较大,在最佳条件下,制得的ZAO复合粉体粒径分布均匀、平均粒径约为22 nm.     

酸碱中和沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石的实验研究

实验通过酸碱中和沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石粉体,考察了反应温度、陈化时间和反应溶剂体系等不同工艺条件对纳米羟基磷灰石粉体的粒度分布、反应收率等的影响。实验结果表明:球磨工序不影响粉体的粒度分布;分散剂可以有效改善粉体粒度的分布;综合考虑羟基磷灰石粉体的粒度、反应收率和反应效率,确定酸碱中和沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石的反应时间为60 min、反应温度为60℃、陈化时间为1 h。     

溶胶-凝胶-冷冻干燥技术制备纳米二氧化锡及其表征

采用溶胶-凝胶-冷冻干燥技术制备了纳米SnO2粉体,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和热分析(TG-DTA)对产品进行了表征,同时考察了pH值、反应物浓度以及焙烧温度对产品粒径及形貌的影响。结果表明,在优化的反应条件下,溶胶-凝胶-冷冻干燥技术可以制得粒径均匀的10nm以内的SnO2粉体。     

氟硅酸铵氨化制备纳米二氧化硅的实验研究

实验以氟硅酸铵和氨水为原料,通过化学沉淀法制备纳米二氧化硅粉体。考察了表面活性剂、反应温度、物料配比等不同工艺条件对纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒度分布、反应收率等的影响。实验结果表明:分散剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠可以有效改善粉体粒度的分布;综合考虑二氧化硅粉体的粒度、反应收率、反应效率和生产成本,确定氟硅酸铵氨化制备二氧化硅的反应温度为常温、反应时间为60 min、物料配比(氟硅酸铵与氨水物质的量比)为1∶4.8、氨水的加料速度为96 m L/min、搅拌速度为200~300 r/min。     

ZrO2粒径对盐助燃烧合成纳米ZrC微观结构的影响

采用盐助燃烧合成工艺制备了纳米碳化锆(ZrC)粉体,研究了原料氧化锆(ZrO₂)粒径对纳米ZrC粉体微观结构的影响规律和作用机制。结果表明,在ZrO₂-Mg-C体系中,随着ZrO₂原始粒径减小(200→10 nm),碳锆体系反应活性增强,ZrC中的游离碳含量逐渐减少,ZrC粉体的平均粒径随ZrO₂粒径的减小而减小,当加入粒径为10 nm的ZrO₂时,ZrC粉体的平均粒径为48 nm,且类球形形貌更加均匀。原料ZrO₂粒径减小,比表面积增大,提高了反应活性和渗碳速度,从而减小了反应时间、反应温度对晶粒生长的影响,获得了分布均匀的高纯纳米ZrC粉体。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.