以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷影响因素的研究现状

以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷拥有能耗低、需氧量少等优点,但其反应受多重因素影响。综述了将NO2--N作为电子受体的反硝化除磷机理,同时概述了底物种类、NO2--N质量浓度、泥龄、污泥驯化方式等分别对亚硝化反硝化除磷的影响,当有机底物为乙酸盐,NO2--N质量浓度低于30 mg/L,泥龄15 d,温度在20~30℃时,能获得较好的亚硝化反硝化除磷效果,并在此基础上对该领域的研究提出了展望。     

垃圾渗滤液短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺的研究

采用A/O-MBR工艺对填埋场垃圾渗滤液进行了短程硝化反硝化脱氮研究。实验结果表明:系统驯化后稳定运行,COD去除率达到80%以上,NH4+-N、TN的平均去除率分别达到99.2%、92.2%;OⅠ与OⅡ池中NO2--N平均积累率分别达到91.7%、95.6%,表明系统主要的脱氮方式为短程硝化反硝化;过高或过低的DO都会影响NO2--N积累,硝化过程中的最佳DO为0.7~0.9 mg/L。PCR技术分析表明,A池中的优势菌种是反硝化细菌,占有率为70%;OⅡ池中的优势菌种是AOB,占有率为67%。     

应用MBBR进行PU合成革废水的脱氮研究

采用一个缺氧/好氧MBBR反应器考察其对TN、NH3-N和有机物的去除,同时采用另一个缺氧MBBR反应器,考察其对NO3--N的去除。试验结果表明:当进水TN的质量浓度为150~300 mg/L,NH3-N的质量浓度为50 mg/L浓度时,缺氧/好氧MBBR对TN和NH3-N的平均去除率大于89.7%和84.0%,出水TN和NH3-N均能达到GB 21902—2008《合成革与人造革工业污染物排放标准》中规定的要求(ρ(NH3-N)8 mg/L,ρ(TN)15mg/L)。当碳氮比较低时,产生NO2--N的积累,对缺氧/好氧MBBR处理合成革废水而言,维持其碳氮比在3.5左右即可实现有效脱氮。缺氧MBBR反硝化能去除约98.2%的NO3--N和NO2--N,初始时碳氮比较低,产生NO2--N的积累,当碳氮比继续升高时,TN浓度下降,说明当NO3--N的质量浓度高达300 mg/L时,缺氧MBBR的反硝化效果显著。     

以琼脂凝胶为碳源和载体的水源水生物脱氮

针对受硝酸盐污染的水源水,建立了以琼脂凝胶为反硝化菌的碳源和微生物载体的反应器,通过生物反硝化作用去除水源水中的硝酸盐.试验结果表明,在水源水自然接种的条件下,通过微生物的驯化培养可以顺利启动琼脂凝胶反应器;系统的反硝化效果受水力停留时间(HRT)和进水DO质量浓度的影响较明显,进水NO3-N质量浓度对系统的反硝化能力有一定的影响,同时改变进水方式可以进一步提高反硝化效率;在温度为21～23℃、进水NO3-N质量浓度为24.74mg·L-1、HRT为7.1 h、进水DO质量浓度不控制的条件下,NO3-N的去除率能达到76.25‰此时出水COD和NO2-N质量浓度分别为16.57mg·L-1和0.387mg·L-1.研究指出,琼脂凝胶生物反硝化系统能够有效地脱除水源水中的硝酸盐氮.     

移动床生物膜反应器中同步硝化反硝化的实现及动力学分析

以低COD/N人工模拟废水为基质,研究移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)内同步硝化反硝化(SND)过程。进水COD和NH4+-N的质量浓度分别为200 mg/L和40 mg/L,以K1型填料为载体(填充率为40%),DO控制在3~4mg/L,20 d后有稳定的生物膜形成。生物膜完全成熟后,每个填料上平均生物膜量为33.5 mg,出水COD和NH4+-N去除率平均分别达86.68%和97.25%,NO2--N基本无累积,NO3--N的质量浓度均保持在5 mg/L以下,TN去除率在后期最高达90.6%,计算得到SND率达91.66%,结果证实在单一反应器内实现了良好的同步硝化反硝化过程。动力学模拟得出同步硝化反硝化过程中的NO3--N饱和常数为5.83 mg/L,大于单级反硝化过程中的硝酸盐氮饱和常数。     

甲醇为碳源时C/N对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

如何获得稳定的NO2--N作为厌氧氨氧化细菌的电子受体是城镇污水通过厌氧氨氧化途径脱氮的瓶颈问题。为此考虑利用反硝化途径获取稳定的NO2--N。以甲醇为碳源,采用小试装置的SBR反应器,通过控制进水C/N(COD与NO3--N质量浓度比)的策略,研究了反硝化过程中的NO2--N积累的状况。试验结果表明以甲醇为碳源且投加量不足时(C/N3.2),反硝化过程中和反硝化结束后会产生稳定的NO2--N积累;在C/N不足的前提下,NO2--N积累量随甲醇投加量的增加而增加;进水C/N为2.4～3.2时,可获得约25%的NO2--N积累率;进水C/N为0.8时,NO2--N积累率仅为5.6%;C/N1时,NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率随着COD浓度的增加而增加;C/N≥1时,COD浓度不再影响NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率。     

基于DO和ORP的短程硝化SBR控制方法研究

对在污水处理过程中,短程硝化-反硝化面临着亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)增殖导致系统运行问题,研究运行了一个短程硝化-反硝化序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),以溶解氧(DO)含量和氧化还原电位(ORP)作为控制参数,利用控制系统调节好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化的反应时间,以实现氮的去除并抑制NOB的生长。结果表明,在实验条件下(温度29～30℃,pH为8～9,污泥停留时间14 d),处理的高NH4+-N含量(质量浓度500～750 mg/L)的废水经过2个月的运行,成功地抑制了NOB的生长,并启动了短程硝化-反硝化SBR。SBR出水中NH4+-N的质量浓度低于1 mg/L,NO2--N的积累率(NAR)维持在98%以上。     

NO_2~--N对反硝化除磷系统运行效能的影响

通过改变反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的电子受体类型,考察了不同浓度的NO_2--N作为电子受体时其对反硝化除磷系统运行效能的影响。试验结果表明,在合适的进水NO_2--N浓度范围内,DPAOs经过驯化后能够以NO_2--N为电子受体进行反硝化除磷反应;在短程反硝化除磷系统中,NO_2--N的抑制浓度为30 mg·L-1,当系统进水中的NO_2--N浓度大于30 mg·L-1时,系统的除磷作用及PHA的合成作用均会受到抑制,系统的反硝化效果和COD去除效果亦会出现较为明显的变化,究其原因可能与系统中GAO开始占据优势有关;在短程反硝化除磷系统中,厌氧释磷量与缺氧吸磷量有着良好的线性关系,而对于NO_2--N对DPAOs的抑制机理,笔者将在后续试验中进行深入分析和探究。     

污泥厌氧水解与短程硝化反硝化耦合工艺处理低碳氮比城市污水

为处理低碳氮比城市污水,在30~35℃、不调节pH值(7.01~8.33)的条件下,通过人为添加氨氮控制游离氨浓度(25mg·L-1),在SBR中6d内成功启动了短程硝化反硝化。对比实验结果表明,短程硝化反硝化在处理低C/N比城市污水时的总氮脱除效果要优于传统的全程硝化反硝化,当反应器运行稳定后,溶解氧的浓度和高游离氨不再是影响NO2--N浓度累积的主要因素,NO2--N/NOx--N始终保持在80%以上。为了进一步提高短程硝化反硝化的脱氮效率,利用污泥厌氧水解产物替代10%进水,为反硝化阶段提供附加的部分碳源,两工艺联合后处理效果良好,出水TN平均浓度和去除率分别为13.39mg·L-1和74.9%,出水水质符合排放标准的要求。     

硫磺/石灰石自养反硝化系统脱氮性能及N_2O排放规律研究

为了考察硫磺/石灰石自养反硝化系统的脱氮性能,并探究系统N_2O的产生和排放规律,采用均匀填充的上流式硫磺/石灰石生物滤池反应器,研究了2组HRT下,不同进水NO_3~--N浓度对系统脱氮效果的影响及N_2O的排放规律。结果表明,进水NO_3~--N浓度为(54.46±1.15)mg/L、HRT为2.5 h时,反应器容积负荷最大且对NO_3~--N去除率最高,可达99.93%,系统无NO_2~--N累积,出水N_2O低于0.86 mg/L;另外,研究发现NO_3~--N浓度随反应器高度增加而逐渐降低,N_2O浓度随着反应器下部NO_2~--N的富集逐渐增加,并随上部NO_2~--N的还原而逐渐减小;进水NO_3~--N浓度增大,N_2O累积量峰值点沿反应器高度逐渐上移,因此该系统仅能处理较低浓度NO_3~--N废水。     

A study of the catalytic activity of cobalt–zinc manganites for the reduction of NO by hydrocarbons

In this work the catalytic behaviour of pure zinc manganite, ZnMn₂O₄, and cobalt–zinc manganites for the reduction of NO by propane and propene is reported. The NO and N₂O decomposition as well as the reduction of N₂O by propane and propene were also investigated. The catalysts are prepared starting from carbonate monophasic precursors that are decomposed in air at 973 K for 24 h. In all cases a spinel-like phase is obtained. Pure zinc manganite is an efficient catalyst for the NO reduction with both propane and propene and the selectivity to N₂ and CO₂ was almost one. However the presence of cobalt in the catalyst enhances the catalytic activity, in particular when propene is used as reducing agent of NO. All catalysts are stable up to 873 K upon contacting with the propane containing reactant stream whereas in the case of propene they preserve the original spinel structure up to about 773 K. In fact with propene the catalysts start to lose their stability as the reaction temperature increases above 773 K and disaggregate, by reduction of the spinel framework Mn³⁺ cations to Mn²⁺, forming a complex mixture of ZnO and MnO oxides. Despite the collapsing of the spinel phase, the disaggregated polyphasic catalysts still show a good activity and selectivity. An hypothesis for explaining this unusual behaviour is formulated. Finally, the reaction mechanisms presented in literature are consequently revisited on the basis of the results found in this work.     

Effect of fuel composition on the conversion of volatile solid fuel-N to N2O and NO

Older fuels, which generally have a low fuel-O/fuel-N ratio, produce more N₂O in fluidized bed combustion than younger fuels. Here, a proposal is made regarding the effect of fuel composition on the conversion of fuel-N to N₂O and NO through HCN and NH₃ at temperatures typical of fluidized bed combustion. Because earlier experiments have shown that the fuel oxygen plays an important role in fuel-N chemistry, fuel oxygen was considered together with fuel nitrogen. In model compound studies, phenolic OH-groups in particular were found to increase the conversion of HCN to NH₃. In general, the abundance of phenolic oxygen in fuel follows the fuel oxygen concentration. The importance of reactions between OH radicals and HCN was therefore considered.     

不同填料对污泥作为生物反硝化碳源的影响和特性研究

在30℃和80～95 r.min-1的条件下,利用摇瓶试验探讨了弹性填料(YDT)和竹子作为填料对污泥为主要碳源的系统反硝化特性和机理。试验结果表明,以污泥/竹子系统中NO3--N的去除速率最大(2.51 g.m-.3h-1),其次是污泥/YDT系统(1.30 g.m-.3h-1),最后是污泥系统(0.53 g.m-.3h-1);而NO2--N积累量也呈现一定的趋势(以每去除1 g NO3--N计算):污泥/竹子系统最高、污泥系统次之、最后是污泥/YDT系统;污泥特性是决定系统反硝化效果的主要因素。然后以污泥/竹子系统进行深入了研究发现,水温对污泥/竹子系统的反硝化过程具有较为显著的影响。     

生物质燃烧NO生成的影响因素实验研究

以稻壳、木屑、甘蔗渣和秸秆等4种典型生物质颗粒为研究对象,在自主设计的十字形管式炉内,研究了燃料种类、温度、氧量和气氛因素对NO生成的影响.实验结果表明:燃料含N量越高,NO生成总量亦越高,最高可达0.9848 mg·g-1,而此时燃料N向NO的转化率是下降的,仅为7.18％;NO生成总量随着温度升高而升高,但不同生物...     

Decomposition of NO and N2O on Cu-AlTS-1: oscillatory behaviour at full N2O conversion

Cu-AlTS-1 catalyst was prepared by solid state ion exchange and studied in the NO and N₂O decomposition. Oscillation was observed in a wide range of experimental conditions during the decomposition of N₂O. At full N₂O conversion, oscillations were observed only in the O₂ and NO concentrations the latter being out of phase with respect to O₂ and being originated from the decomposition of an excess oxygen containing nitrito–nitrato-like surface complex. Traces of NO extinguished the oscillations and increased the N₂O conversion if it was below 100%. The NO also plays a key role in the feed back and synchronisation.     

流化床燃烧石油焦N_2O排放特性

通过在一小型流化床试验台上进行石油焦的燃烧试验 ,阐述了N2 O和NO形成与分解机理 ,模拟研究了N2 O的排放特性 .采用不同程度脱去挥发分的石油焦颗粒 ,研究脱挥发分的程度对N2 O形成的影响 ,脱挥发分的温度越高 ,即脱挥发分的程度越高 ,石油焦氮形成N2 O的量越少 ,这表明石油焦挥发分氮形成N2 O量高于相应石油焦焦炭氮燃烧产生的N2 O量 .燃料燃烧过程中 ,NO形成比较均匀 ,而N2 O形成比较复杂 ,燃料氮向NO的转化率随脱挥发分温度升高而增加 ,而向N2 O的转化率则有一临界脱挥发分温度点 .     

Mechanistic insights into the formation of N2O and N2 in NO reduction by NH3 over a polycrystalline platinum catalyst

The reaction pathways of N₂ and N₂O formation in the direct decomposition and reduction of NO by NH₃ were investigated over a polycrystalline Pt catalyst between 323 and 973 K by transient experiments using the temporal analysis of products (TAP-2) reactor. The interaction between nitric oxide and ammonia was studied in the sequential pulse mode applying ¹⁵NO. Differently labelled nitrogen and nitrous oxide molecules were detected. In both, direct NO decomposition and NH₃–NO interaction, N₂O formation was most marked between 573 and 673 K, whereas N₂ formation dominated at higher temperatures. An unusual interruption of nitrogen formation in the ¹⁵NO pulse at 473 K was caused by an inhibiting effect of adsorbed NO species. The detailed analysis of the product distribution at this temperature clearly indicates different reaction pathways leading to the product formation. Nitrogen formation occurs via recombination of nitrogen atoms formed by dissociation of nitric oxide or/and complete dehydrogenation of ammonia. N₂O is formed via recombination of adsorbed NO molecules. Additionally, both products are formed via interactions between adsorbed ammonia fragments and nitric oxide.     

连续式离子交换法处理硝铵废水

比较目前国内外对NH3 N、NO-3 N废水的各种治理技术的优缺点后 ,提出采用多流通旋转分配阀的连续离子交换分离法是治理回收高浓度、小水量NH3 N、NO-3 N废水的较适宜技术。通过实验室动态模拟试验表明 ,连续离子交换分离法不但能有效治理含NH3 N、NO-3 N的硝铵废水使废水达标排放 ,而且还能回收、提浓再生的硝铵产品返回硝铵生产工艺而产生经济效益。     

DeNOx reactions on Cu-zeolites Decomposition of NO, N2O and SCR of NO by C3H8 and CH4 on Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-AlTS-1 catalysts

Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-AlTS-1 catalysts were prepared by solid state ion exchange and studied in DeNO_x reactions. A NO₃ type surface complex was found to be an active intermediate in the decomposition of NO and N₂O. Copper was oxidized to Cu²⁺ in the decomposition reactions. Oscillations at full N₂O conversion were observed in the gas phase O₂ concentration, without any change in the N₂ concentration. The oscillation was synchronized by gas phase NO formed from the NO₃ complex. The same complex seems to be an active intermediate also in NO selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by methane, whereas carbonaceous deposits play a role in NO SCR by propane. TPD reveals that only 10–20% of the total copper in the zeolites participates in the catalytic cycles.