反应条件对甲烷化法去除重整氢气中CO的影响

研究了在采用甲烷化法去除重整氢气中CO的过程中,反应温度、CO浓度和CO₂浓度对3个竞争反应即CO甲烷化反应、CO₂甲烷化反应、逆变换反应（RWGS）的影响。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,CO、CO₂甲烷化反应速率均增大,但CO甲烷化的选择性降低。CO浓度对CO甲烷化反应速率的影响在高温时较为明显,反应速率随CO浓度的升高而增大;CO对CO₂甲烷化反应的影响在较低温度下较为显著,CO₂甲烷化反应速率随CO浓度的升高而减小,表明CO对CO₂的甲烷化具有抑制作用,因而随着CO浓度的升高,选择性增大。另一方面,CO₂浓度对CO甲烷化反应几乎没有影响,而CO₂甲烷化反应速率和RWGS反应速率均随CO₂浓度的升高而增大,该趋势在高温下更加显著,并对3个竞争反应的宏观动力学进行了初步研究。     

基于NiO载氧体的煤化学链燃烧实验

采用流化床反应器并以水蒸气作为气化-流化介质,研究了以NiO为载氧体在800～960℃内的煤化学链燃烧反应特性。实验结果表明,载氧体与煤气化产物在反应器温度高于900℃体现了高的反应活性。随着流化床反应器温度的提高,气体产物中CO₂的体积浓度(干基)呈单调递增;CO、H₂、CH₄的体积浓度(干基)呈单调递减;煤中碳转化为CO₂的比率逐渐递增,碳的残余率逐渐递减。反应器出口气体CO₂、CO、H₂、CH₄的生成率随反应时间呈单峰特性,H₂生成率的峰值远小于CO的峰值;且随反应器温度升高,CO₂生成率升高,CO、H₂、CH₄的生成率降低。反应温度高于900℃时,流化床反应器NiO载氧体煤化学链燃烧在9 min之内就基本完成,CO₂含量高于92%。     

热分解气氛对流化床煤热解制油的影响

在循环流化床锅炉上耦合流化床热解反应器既可提供电力又副产热解油,明显提高煤的利用价值。在这个过程中,热解反应器通常利用自身产生的热解气作为流化介质。本文考察了模拟热解气反应气氛对流化床煤热解拔头制取热解油产率的影响,并利用TG-FTIR分析了焦油官能团组成及随TG温度的变化。针对锅炉用烟煤的实验结果表明：采用热解气作为反应气氛时焦油产率最大,相对无水无灰基煤达13%。反应气氛中H₂和CO₂的存在不利于焦油生成,但CO 和CH₄的加入提高了焦油产率;H₂的加入有利于焦油中酚羟基、羧基类化合物生成,同时也促进了脂肪族化合物的裂解;CH₄的存在可以提高焦油中单环芳烃、脂肪族及酚羟基类化合物的含量。     

Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂选择性氧化CO性能的研究

用共沉淀法制备了Cu₁Zr₁Ce₉O_δ催化剂,考察了反应温度和反应气体中各组分对Cu₁Zr₁Ce₉O_δ催化剂上选择性氧化CO反应的影响。结果表明,降温的过程中Cu₁Zr₁Ce₉O_δ催化剂的活性滞后。H₂的存在有利于CO的脱附,促进了低温下选择性氧化CO的反应;而温度较高时,H₂氧化副反应的发生降低了CO的转化率,反应气中H₂O和CO₂降低了催化剂的活性和选择性,最佳反应温度为（160~200） ℃,O₂的进入量取3为宜。     

硅橡胶/陶瓷复合膜反应器中CO2合成甲醇(Ⅲ)过程实验研究

对在由硅橡胶 /陶瓷复合膜所构成的膜反应器中进行的CO₂ 加氢合成甲醇的复杂反应体系CO₂ +3H₂=CH₃ OH +H₂ O与CO₂ +H₂=CO +H₂ O开展实验研究 .考察了硅橡胶 /陶瓷复合膜在合成含氧化合物反应过程中的作用 ,并讨论了CO₂ 与H₂ 合成甲醇反应的膜反应过程参数对反应行为的影响 ,对部分理论分析结果进行验证 .在实验条件下 ,CO₂ 合成甲醇复杂反应体系中的主反应转化率较传统的固定床反应器提高了 2 2 %     

气体与煤表面吸附作用的量子化学研究

选用褐煤、次烟煤、高挥发分烟煤、低挥发分烟煤和无烟煤5种煤表面结构模型,采用量子化学半经验方法INDO,从分子水平描述了CO、O₂、H₂O(g)、CO₂、CH₄和H₂等6种气体在煤表面的吸附作用,计算了气体在煤表面的吸附能、吸附距离、吸附作用键级和净电荷变化等微观参数,用Morse函数拟合了气体与煤表面的结合能曲线,得到了气体吸附作用强弱次序为：CO和O₂最强,H₂O和CO₂次之,CH₄和H₂最弱。     

动力煤的燃烧性能

采用热重分析和红外光谱分析技术研究了6种不同变质程度动力煤的燃烧行为.结果表明：变质程度越低,煤的各燃烧特征温度越小,各特征温度点和相应温度区间的失量分数越大,H₂O、CO、CO₂气体的析出温度越低,且CO主要在低温区产生,高温区主要生成CO₂;煤的表观活化能和反应级数的变化规律相同,都是先增大,达最大值后再减小.上述结果说明煤的变质程度越低燃烧越容易.     

化学链燃烧钙基载氧体CaSO4与CO在不同温度下的反应行为

基于热重和红外联用进行等温实验,探讨了化学链燃烧载氧体CaSO₄在CO气氛下的还原反应特性。研究发现：温度对CaSO₄还原反应历程和速率有显著的影响,在10％CO气氛下,温度低于900℃时,发生单一反应,CaSO₄的还原产物只是CaS,气相产物为CO₂;当温度高于950℃后,发生平行反应和连串反应组合成的多重反应,固体产物为CaS和CaO,而产物气中除了有CO₂,还存在SO₂和COS,且气相硫化物的析出以COS为主;随着反应温度的升高,CaSO₄与CO反应速率显著增加,而目标产物CaS在固体产物中所占的摩尔分数呈下降趋势;基于钙基载氧体化学链燃烧中燃料反应器温度不宜高于950℃。     

工艺条件对Ni/Al2O3和Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备γ-Al₂O₃载体和不同Ce添加量的CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体,然后用浸渍法制备Ni负载质量分数10%的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床微反装置中考察了反应温度、原料气配比和CH₄空速等工艺条件对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,添加Ce的催化剂催化性能有较大提高,在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,反应温度750 ℃时, CH₄转化率94.3％,与Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,提高20％。Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的CH₄转化率均随反应温度的升高而增大。原料气中n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的增加均能提高各催化剂的CH₄转化率。但n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的变化对各催化剂的催化性能的影响不同。随着n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)的增大,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）降低,n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)升高;而n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)增大时,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均升高。随着CH₄空速的增加,Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂上CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均较大程度下降;而在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,随着CH₄空速的增加,CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n(CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)变化不大。     

K2O影响Cu/ZnO催化剂CO2加氢反应性能的原因分析

运用活性评价、XRD、TPR、CO2-TPD、CO-TPD等手段,分析了K₂O影响Cu/ZnO催化剂CO₂加氢反应性能的原因。试验结果表明,甲醇收率大幅度降低的原因是CuO-ZnO催化剂经K₂O改性后,催化剂还原难度增加;提高了金属Cu的电子密度,促进了CO的歧化反应;催化剂还原后,对CO₂的吸附量大为减少。     

Hydrogen production from coal by separating carbon dioxide during gasification

Hydrogen generation during the reaction of a coal/CaO mixture with high pressure steam was investigated using a flow-type reactor. Coal, CaO and CO reactions with steam, and CO₂ absorption by Ca(OH)₂ or CaO occurred simultaneously in the experiment. It was found that H₂ was the primary resultant gas, comprising about 85% of the reaction products. CO₂ was fixed into CaCO₃ and CO was completely converted to H₂. Pyrolysis of the coal/CaO mixture carried out in N₂ was also examined. The pyrolysis gases were compared with gases produced by general coal pyrolysis. While general coal pyrolysis produced about 14.7% H₂, 50.5% CH₄, 12.0% CO and 12.0% CO₂, the gases produced from coal/CaO mixture pyrolysis were 84.8% H₂, 9.6% CH₄, 1.6% CO₂ and 1.1% CO.     

热处理条件对大同煤中微量有害元素变迁规律的影响

在自行设计的加压密闭热解反应器中研究了大同煤中As、Pb、Cr、Cd和Mn等微量有害元素在氮气条件下随温度（300～700℃）、压力（0.1～4MPa）和停留时间的变化规律,同时也考察了热解气氛（氮气和氢气）的影响.结果表明：这5种元素的析出率均随热解温度的升高而升高,随停留时间的延长而增大;反应压力的升高抑制了微量元素的释放;长停留时间,氢气气氛有利于微量元素的挥发; 热解过程中As和Cd较其他3种元素表现了较强的挥发性.     

O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧SO2/NO析出特性

在水平管式炉上研究了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度、温度及石灰石添加等各参数对O₂/CO₂气氛下徐州烟煤和龙岩无烟煤燃烧过程中SO₂/NO排放特性的影响。结果发现,O₂/CO₂气氛下,烟煤和无烟煤燃烧SO₂/NO的析出规律与空气气氛下不同,同等O₂浓度下析出量比空气气氛下小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,随着O₂浓度的提高,烟煤和无烟煤SO₂/NO排放量均增大;随着CO₂浓度的升高, SO₂/NO排放量均减小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,石灰石添加对SO₂排放的抑制作用低于空气气氛下;石灰石添加对NO的排放有一定减排作用。对煤灰的元素分析显示O₂/CO₂燃烧对SO₂的抑制主要是由于煤灰的自固硫能力增强,而对NO的减排作用则是促进燃料N向其他含N气体的转换。     

Effects of CO Atmosphere on the Pyrolysis of a Typical Lignite

To reveal the effect mechanism of CO atmosphere on coal pyrolysis, a study on raw and demineralized lignite was carried out in a horizontal tube furnace under N₂ and CO/N₂ atmosphere. CO had a negligible effect on the char yield at low temperatures, whereas it enhances the char yield at temperatures higher than 550 °C. The release of tar was higher in the presence of CO above 450 °C because of more free radicals, which reduced low‐temperature crosslinking, and higher selectivity of hydroxyl groups to phenols in the CO‐containing atmosphere. The yields of CO₂ and H₂ increased, water and CO yields decreased under CO/N₂ atmosphere. Light hydrocarbon gases were not affected by changing the reaction atmosphere. The difference between product yields from raw and demineralized coal confirmed that the catalysis of inherent minerals had a great catalytic effect on the water‐gas shift reaction and Boudouard reaction.     

Volatilization behavior of fluorine in coal during fluidized-bed pyrolysis and CO2-gasification

The volatilization behavior of fluorine in five Chinese coals was investigated during fluidized-bed pyrolysis and CO₂-gasification at a temperature range of 500-900 °C. The effect of co-existed and added calcium on fluorine volatility during pyrolysis was also determined. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the volatility of fluorine increases. However, the volatility is greatly dependent on the fluorine chemical forms occurred in coal. Except for Datong and Zhungeer coal, more than 65% of fluorine in other three coals occurs as the steady forms. Fluorapatite is not the major carrier of fluorine in the coals studied. Fluorine volatility is retarded by coexisting calcium during coal pyrolysis, indicating that at least part of the stable forms of fluorine in coal might occur as calcium fluoride or calcium fluoride with complex compounds which are stable even at high pyrolysis temperature. The addition of CaO and limestone can suppress the release of fluorine during pyrolysis. The effect of CaO is better than that of limestone. The volatility of fluorine of coal during CO₂-gasification depends on not only the occurrence mode of fluorine, but also the gasification reactivity of the coal. Compared with N₂ atmosphere, CO₂ is more favorable to the release of fluorine from coal.