钛白水解废酸中钪的回收

研究了钛白水解废酸中钪的回收及钪与钛的分离。在P204-TBP萃取体系中进行了钛白水解废酸提钪实验研究,在此基础上绘制了钪的萃取等温线,并进行了串级逆流萃取实验。针对萃取后含钪钛的有机相,提出了用洗脱剂EL洗脱负载有机相中的钛,并进行了相应的实验研究。对除钛后的有机相,考察了钪反萃的影响因素。实验结果表明：P204-TBP萃取体系基本可以实现钪的回收富集,经洗脱剂EL三级逆流洗脱,钛的洗脱率可达到98%,而钪的损失率仅为4%,钪钛的分离效果明显。洗脱钛后的有机相用氢氧化钠反萃,钪的单级反萃率能达到97%以上。钛白水解废酸经一次萃取、洗脱、反萃后得到的粗钪产品纯度可达到85%。     

钛白水解废酸中钪的回收

研究了钛白水解废酸中钪的回收及钪与钛的分离。在P204-TBP萃取体系中进行了钛白水解废酸提钪实验研究,在此基础上绘制了钪的萃取等温线,并进行了串级逆流萃取实验。针对萃取后含钪钛的有机相,提出了用洗脱剂EL洗脱负载有机相中的钛,并进行了相应的实验研究。对除钛后的有机相,考察了钪反萃的影响因素。实验结果表明:P204-TBP萃取体系基本可以实现钪的回收富集,经洗脱剂EL三级逆流洗脱,钛的洗脱率可达到98%,而钪的损失率仅为4%,钪钛的分离效果明显。洗脱钛后的有机相用氢氧化钠反萃,钪的单级反萃率能达到97%以上。钛白水解废酸经一次萃取、洗脱、反萃后得到的粗钪产品纯度可达到85%。     

络合萃取法对煤制气高浓度含酚废水的资源化处理

用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂和煤油为稀释剂,对煤制气过程中产生的高浓度含酚废水进行了络合萃取处理,并用氢氧化钠溶液为反萃取剂对负载有机相进行了反萃取。分别研究了废水pH、TBP体积分数对萃取及氢氧化钠溶液浓度对反萃取的影响,并对萃取和反萃取过程中有机相的重复使用问题进行了探讨。结果表明,当废水的pH为3～6时,萃取率可达90%以上,CODCr去除率达到80%以上;当氢氧化钠质量分数为4%～10%时,反萃取率可达80%以上;TBP-煤油有机相可在萃取和反萃的过程中多次重复使用。     

用磷酸三丁酯萃取分离硫酸铵母液中的HCN

研究了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)-磺化煤油体系从重庆某企业甘氨酸生产副产物硫酸铵母液中萃取分离HCN的工艺,考察了萃取体系、TBP体积分数、母液初始pH值、相比(Vorg∶Vaq)对萃取HCN的影响以及氢氧化钠浓度、相比(Vaq∶Vorg)和平衡pH值对HCN反萃的影响。结果表明:选用TBP作为萃取剂能够对硫酸铵母液中的HCN进行快速有效的萃取;TBP体积分数、母液初始pH值及相比对HCN萃取率影响显著;以含体积分数35%TBP的有机相作萃取剂,在相比(Vorg∶Vaq)为2∶1的条件下,pH值为2.92的含氰1.71 g/L的硫酸铵母液经3级错流萃取,萃余液中含氰低于0.5 mg/L,氰的萃取率接近100%;在相比(Vaq∶Vorg)为1∶1条件下,以0.6 mol/L的氢氧化钠为反萃液,控制反萃液平衡pH值大于13.0,氰的单级反萃率大于96%;含氰0.78 g/L的有机相在相比为1∶1条件下,经过2级错流反萃,氰基本上被反萃完全,贫有机相不经过处理可循环使用。     

铜萃取剂Mac12萃取性能的研究

采用国产化工原料合成了Mac12铜萃取剂，用Mac12萃取剂进行了萃取剂用量、有机相与无机相相比、pH值试验、萃取动力学试验、萃取热力学试验、反萃动力学试验、反萃剂酸度试验，得到了较好的萃取效果，萃取率≥93％，反萃取率≥96％。     

混合醇萃取剂从浓缩盐湖卤水中萃取提硼的实验研究

以2-乙基-1,3-己二醇和异丁醇按照一定体积比组成混合萃取剂、航空煤油为稀释剂,萃取某硫酸盐型盐湖浓缩卤水中的硼。对萃取剂浓度、浓缩卤水pH、萃取相比、萃取温度、萃取时间、饱和萃取容量和反萃剂浓度、反萃相比等进行了实验研究。结果表明:2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、异丁醇和航空煤油体积比为1∶2∶3,卤水pH为3,萃取相比为1∶1,温度为20℃,萃取时间为5 min;将得到的富硼有机相用0.25 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液进行反萃,反萃相比为1∶2、温度为30℃、反萃取时间为15 min。经三级萃取及反萃,卤水中硼质量浓度降为0.8 mg/L,硼萃取率为99.99%,反萃率为99.78%,硼回收率为99.77%,萃取效果好。     

钛白废酸中钪的提取工艺改进

研究旨在改进现有二（2-乙基己基）磷酸（P204）-磷酸三丁酯（TBP）煤油体系提取钛白废酸中钪的工艺流程，降低洗涤操作费用，提高钪的富集比。研究了采用二次萃取富集、一次水解除杂、二次草酸提纯工艺提取钛白废酸中的钪。确定了最佳工艺条件：有机相的最佳体积分数为25％P204＋4％，TBP＋61％煤油；2mol／L氢氧化钠＋1．5mol／L氯化钠反萃；用盐酸调节反萃液pH为1，加热水解除钛；调水解液酸度（氢离子浓度）为7mo]／L，二次萃取除杂。在最佳条件下，可使钪与钛质量比由原废酸中的1：136富集到20：1。与现有工艺相比，省去了硫酸洗钛步骤，降低了提钪成本。     

含金属离子赖氨酸水溶液的萃取分离

采用二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)作萃取剂,航空煤油作稀释剂,对含有钙、镁、钠、钾等金属离子的赖氨酸水溶液进行萃取,以蒸馏水作为反萃取剂对有机相进行反萃取分离实验.结果表明,原料液初始pH值在4～5、P204与煤油体积比为3:2、有机相与水相比为2:1、反应萃取时间大于30min、搅拌转速约200rpm时,能够取得较好的萃取效果.以初始pH值≥3.5的蒸馏水为反萃取剂,蒸馏水与有机相体积比4:1,在150rpm的转速下搅拌20min能够较为完全地分离出赖氨酸,然后在其它条件相同的情况下,用初始pH＜1的蒸馏水对有机相再次反萃取可分离出金属离子,从而实现萃取剂的重复利用.     

二次萃取蒸馏法提取废次烟叶中烟碱的研究

采用二次萃取蒸馏法,提取废次烟叶中的烟碱。废次烟叶经过浸提、萃取、硫酸反萃、二次萃取和减压蒸馏等处理以提取烟碱,用紫外分光光度法分析了烟碱含量。结果表明,较佳的工艺条件为:以4.5 g/L的NaOH溶液浸泡粉碎后的烟叶,置于60℃水浴中振荡3.5 h,过滤得浸提液;滤渣再次浸提,并将两次浸提液合并。调节浸提液pH≥13,用正己烷按照体积比1∶2萃取浸提液3次。有机相用20%硫酸溶液反萃,调节pH≥13后,用正己烷二次萃取,合并有机相,减压蒸馏,以回收有机溶剂,残液即为含量40%的烟碱产品,提取率达75%。     

溶剂萃取法分离油田卤水中的硼

以异辛醇为萃取剂,磺化煤油为稀释剂,从萃取剂体积分数、卤水pH值、相比、萃取时间、饱和萃取容量、反萃液pH值、反萃时间等方面考察了异辛醇对油田卤水中硼萃取的影响.结果表明:在卤水pH值为2、异辛醇体积分数为30％、相比(O/A)为1∶1、萃取时间为10 min时,通过4级萃取,硼的萃取率为95.3％;在相比为1∶l、反萃时间为10 min时用燕馏水3级反萃负载有机相,囊的反萃率达99％;整个过程穗的总回收率为94.3％.     

芝麻酚合成的改进新工艺

胡椒胺重氮盐水解产物用 5 % (质量分数 )的碳酸钠溶液在 1 0℃下溶解 ,1 5 % (质量分数 )的稀硫酸溶液调酸至 p H=3,再用二氯甲烷萃取、浓缩、正己烷提取 ,得到色泽和纯度均有较大改善的产品 ,3,4-亚甲二氧基苯酚。用氢氧化钠溶液调节水解液 p H=7,并升温至 80～ 90℃ ,其中的硫酸铜经氢氧化铜分解成氧化铜与水解液分离 ,再溶于硫酸溶液形成硫酸铜而重复利用     

炼油酸渣无害化处理及产品回收工艺

采用某炼油厂润滑油酸渣为原料,添加含钠(钙)化合物进行酸渣无害化处理,最优工艺条件为:稀释倍数为20倍,碳酸钠、氢氧化钠、碳酸钙和氢氧化钙的实际加入量分别为理论计算值的1.1,1.21,.15和1.1倍,主反应后进行油水分离,去除油相,最后经蒸发、干燥,650℃灼烧后溶解、结晶析出硫酸钠(钙)产品。酸渣中SO42-在产品中的转化率为65%～80%,产品经提纯后达到国家同类产品质量标准。     

Solvent Extraction of Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid From Waste Fluid by Using a Mixture of Toluene and 1-Octanol

Solvent extraction studies have been carried out for the recovery of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA) from simulated waste fluid. Influences of various parameters including extractant types, pH of the solution, equilibration time, and initial concentrations of CCA, etc., were studied. A mixture of toluene and 1-octanol (90:10, v/v) was found suitable for the extraction. The results showed that solution pH had a great effect on the distribution ratio, and CCA could be efficiently extracted when the pH was lower than 3.5. The extraction was found quite rapidly. The distribution ratio decreased as the initial concentration of CCA increased. The stripping rate of CCA using sodium hydroxide as stripping agent was found to be increased with the increase of alkali concentration. After back extraction once, more than 98% stripping efficiency was achieved with 0.8 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution at aqueous to organic phase (A/O) ratio 1:1 when CCA concentration was lower than 38.3 g/L. The practical extraction process was carried out for the waste fluid (concentration of CCA 36.5 g/L) discharged in the production of caprolactam from toluene. After four extraction stages at A/O ratio 1:1, the cumulative extraction recovery reached 99.3%. The practical stripping efficiency from loaded organic phase reached 98.2% in one single stage.     

硝化法制备对氨基间硝基苯磺酸的研究

以对氨基苯磺酸为起始原料 ,经过乙酰化、硝化、水解三步来制备标题物。通过正交试验找出了酰化的最佳反应条件为 :对氨基苯磺酸与乙酐的摩尔比为 1∶1.0 5 ,反应总时间为 1.5h ,反应温度为 2 5℃ ,酰化介质为酰化反应前用碳酸钠及水将对氨基苯磺酸完全溶解 ,使混合液 pH值为 5～ 6 ,反应过程中不再补加碳酸钠 ,其酰化转化率可达 99.6 % ,酰化产物的固体收率可达 96 .0 % ;硝化反应的最佳条件为 :硝化剂用 90 .2 %的硝酸 ,对乙酰氨基苯磺酸与硝化剂的摩尔比为 1∶1.0 5 ,反应温度为 10℃ ,浓硫酸与对乙酰氨基苯磺酸的摩尔比为 8.3∶1,其硝化转化率可达 96 .0 % ,硝化反应的选择性好 ,对氨基邻硝基苯磺酸的量不到 1.0 %。     

KINETIC STUDY OF BENZYL ALCOHOL OXIDATION UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS CONDITIONS

In this work, benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzaldehyde by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt was successfully carried out in an organic solvent/aqueous solution two-phase medium. An aqueous solution of low pH value is found to be favorable for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium hypochlorite. However, certain amounts of hypochlorite ions are converted to chlorines in a solution of low pH value simply by adding sulfuric acid. It is thus our goal to find a method for the production of benzaldehyde of high yield in a solution at low pH value and the prevention of chlorine production from sodium hypochlorite. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work is to search for a favorable condition for the production of benzaldehyde. It is effective to adjust the pH value by adding KCl/HCl solution rather than by adding sulfuric acid solution. Under this circumstance, the reaction follows a zero^th order rate law. Kinetics of the oxidation by sodium hypochlorite under phase transfer catalysis condition, including the effect of the agitation speed, the amount of TBAB catalyst, quaternary ammonium salts, the amount of sodium hypochlorite, the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate, organic solvents, the pH value, the amount of dichloromethane, and the temperature on the conversion were investigated in detail. Reasonable explanations were made to satisfactorily account for the results.     

KINETIC STUDY OF BENZYL ALCOHOL OXIDATION UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS CONDITIONS

In this work, benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzaldehyde by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt was successfully carried out in an organic solvent/aqueous solution two-phase medium. An aqueous solution of low pH value is found to be favorable for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium hypochlorite. However, certain amounts of hypochlorite ions are converted to chlorines in a solution of low pH value simply by adding sulfuric acid. It is thus our goal to find a method for the production of benzaldehyde of high yield in a solution at low pH value and the prevention of chlorine production from sodium hypochlorite. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work is to search for a favorable condition for the production of benzaldehyde. It is effective to adjust the pH value by adding KCl/HCl solution rather than by adding sulfuric acid solution. Under this circumstance, the reaction follows a zero^th order rate law. Kinetics of the oxidation by sodium hypochlorite under phase transfer catalysis condition, including the effect of the agitation speed, the amount of TBAB catalyst, quaternary ammonium salts, the amount of sodium hypochlorite, the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate, organic solvents, the pH value, the amount of dichloromethane, and the temperature on the conversion were investigated in detail. Reasonable explanations were made to satisfactorily account for the results.     

Composition of the solution in the hydration of cement

Tests on pure calcium hydroxide solutions have shown that solubility of calcium hydroxide decreases when alkali content increases. With addition of sulfate Ca²⁺, concentration of the solution is higher than without it. Higher Ca²⁺ concentration is not due to an oversaturation with Ca(OH)₂ but to the higher solubility of calcium sulfate. A similar result also was attained in solutions which are in contact with cement. In those cases Ca²⁺ concentration in the solution decreased to the same extent the originally dissolved sulfate was precipitated as ettringite or monosulfate and finally it reached the value corresponding to the Ca(OH)₂ equilibrium.The solutions' pH value rose with increasing alkali content. This effect, however, clearly decreased from potassium to sodium to lithium. If lithium was added to a solution already containing potassium, the pH value decreased although OH-concentration of the solution continued to increase.     

由辣椒粉浸出液萃取辣椒碱

以市售干辣椒为原料、95%乙醇为浸出剂,实验研究了溶剂萃取法由辣椒粉浸出液中萃取纯化辣椒碱的工艺条件. 在模拟体系和实际体系中均以正己烷和乙酸丁酯为萃取剂,考察了pH值和有机相/水相体积比对辣椒碱收率的影响. 结果表明酸化萃取步骤为工艺控制步骤. 模拟体系中pH值为11、体积比为7:1时乙酸丁酯对辣椒碱的萃取收率均大于90%,表明以乙酸丁酯为萃取剂,可以提高辣椒碱的浓缩度. 实际体系萃取结果与模拟体系趋同,但约20%的辣椒碱不能被萃取. 实际体系优化的工艺条件为辣椒粉用量50 g,250 mL 95%乙醇2次浸出,辣椒碱收率为97.0%;浸出液浓缩为浸膏并溶解于NaOH溶液中,在pH值13, O/W体积比1:1时萃取,再用盐酸调节水相pH<11,O/W体积比为1:5时用乙酸丁酯萃取,辣椒碱的收率为浸出量的80%左右.