炸药模拟环境温湿度试验技术研究

介绍了炸药模拟环境试验的装置、温度和湿度范围、循环程序、周期及失效判据的选择，对十几种炸药进行了环境适应性试验，取得大量数据，对炸药的环境适应能力进行评估，在此基础上研究建立了炸药模拟环境试验技术。该技术不但能判断炸药药柱是否合格，而且能发现药柱相互间差异，排出优劣顺序，为炸药性能的评价提供了一个较好的试验方法     

温度冲击试验技术在混合炸药中的应用研究

应用炸药温度冲击试验技术，在－５４～＋７１℃之间考察温度突变对几种典型的混合炸药药柱尺寸的稳定性及力学性能的影响。     

HMX粒度级配对HMX/F2641输出能量的影响

以零间隙小隔板试验为基础，对HMX主体炸药粒度级配与混合炸药HMX／F2641输出能量的关系进行了研究。结果表明：主体炸药HMX粒度级配对混合炸药HMX／F2641的能量输出有明显影响，且随着混合炸药中较细颗粒所占比例的增大，混合炸药的能量输出呈升高趋势,对试验结果进行了理论分析和模拟。     

由废弃火药和乳化炸药制备工业混合炸药

利用乳化炸药的基本配方与工艺，在乳化炸药的混拌(敏化)工序中将废弃火药和乳化炸药混合，制备工业混合炸药。实验结果表明，利用废弃硝化棉与岩石型乳化炸药所配制的工业混合炸药，具有较好的爆炸、贮存和抗水性能。这种废弃军用火药的再利用，既节药了资源，降低了处理成本，也改善了环境。     

从炸药装药装备现状看21世纪发展趋势

介绍了国外高能混合炸药的装备现状，分析了21世纪炸药装药的发展趋势。认为应继续发展以RDX、HMX为主体的高能混合炸药，加强低易损性炸药包括分子间炸药的研制，并积极发展燃料空气炸药。     

热和枪击复合环境试验中PBX-2炸药的响应特性

为研究炸药在热和枪击复合环境下的安全性,采用在枪击试验样品上增加加热系统的方式,对Φ75 mm×150 mm PBX-2炸药进行了模拟复合环境试验.试验过程中采用热电偶测试样品内不同位置的温度变化过程,通过冲击波超压测试分析了炸药的反应程度,获得了PBX-2炸药在热和枪击复合环境试验中的响应特性.结果表明,热和枪击复合环境试验中PBX-2炸药的反应程度基本一致,建立的热和枪击复合环境试验方法,为评估炸药在异常环境下的安全性能提供了一种新的技术途径.     

双螺杆挤出炸药模拟物的流场模拟分析及实验研究

为解决含超细粉体炸药模拟物中各组分的均匀分散混合问题,采用双螺杆挤出机试验及ANSYS有限元流场模拟分析,首先用平板流变仪测得炸药模拟物在特定温度下的流变参数,运用ANSYS的Fluid Dynamics模块对炸药模拟物在同向双螺杆挤出机的混合挤出流场进行模拟,以累积最大拉伸速率、加权平均剪切应力表征混合能力的大小。基于模拟结果,用同向双螺杆挤出机对炸药模拟物的混合流场进行实验,对经历不同混合流场的炸药模拟物进行SEM扫描电镜分析。结果表明,大导程和反向的螺纹元件能够提供较大的剪切和拉伸作用,有利于炸药模拟物的分散混合。     

JOB-9003炸药的载荷环境试验

在5 MPa轴向压应力条件下,对JOB-9003炸药进行了温度循环试验,结果表明,试验后炸药性能发生了明显的变化.JOB-9003炸药在载荷环境和温度循环的共同作用下其径向尺寸增加,轴向尺寸减小,而且径向尺寸的增加量与轴向尺寸的减小量相当.与轴向尺寸相比,径向尺寸对样品体积的影响更大,试验后样品体积变大,密度降低,同时炸药的压缩强度、最大蠕变应变和压缩蠕变断裂时间出现了明显降低,而模量变化不明显.分析认为,JOB-9003炸药内部的微孔隙和微损伤在载荷环境试验下发生变化,从而使JOB-9003炸药的尺寸、密度和力学性能出现了上述变化规律.     

低易损混合炸药粘结剂的选择

介绍了低易损混合炸药对粘结剂的要求，论述了热塑性弹性和端羟基聚丁二烯两类可选的高聚物粘结剂情况，简要介绍了以ＨＴＰＢ为粘结剂，ＲＤＸ为主体炸药的低易损混合炸药的配方及性能。     

军用混合炸药的发展趋势

叙述了军用混合炸药当前的发展趋势以及高能量密度化合物、纳米含能材料等新材料在混合炸药中的应用情况,提出金属化炸药中的金属燃料与环境中的氧反应是提高能量的重要途径,尤其强调了炸药在战斗部和弹药中的应用技术对于提高毁伤威力的重要意义.附参考文献19篇.     

原位合成钝感混合炸药HMX/TATB

利用超声波法制备单质炸药TATB,用高频率超声波反应器,采用原位合成方法制备了钝感HMX/TATB混合炸药.讨论了反应时间、反应温度以及料比对合成TATB的影响.测试了混合炸药的压制成型性和耐热性能.结果表明,超声波法合成的TATB粒度为5～6μm,混合炸药中TATB的质量分数小于15%,降感效果明显,耐热性能良好;使...     

用小药量至爆时间试验研究炸药爆发分解反应动力学

用小药量至爆试验测定了10种炸药:单质炸药3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)及其铵盐(ANTO)、铅盐(PbNTO)、钾盐(KNTO)、乙二胺盐(ENTO)、混合炸药JO-6、JOB-9003、JP-1、JD-1、JH-16在不同温度下的爆发延滞期(t_(ind)).依据谢苗诺夫方程lnt_(ind,i)=(E_σ)/(RT_i),-lnA_,由lnt_(ind,i)对1/T_i的关系,用最小二乘法计算了爆发分解反应的表观活化能(E_α)、指前因子(A_σ)和1 000 s时的热爆炸临界温度(T_b).用非线性等转化率积分法所得的表观活化能(E_σ)校验了由lnt_(ind,i)~1/T_i关系得到的E_σ值.借助热力学关系式,计算了爆发分解反应的活化反应热力学参量[活化自由能(ΔG~≠),活化焓(ΔH~≠)和活化熵(ΔS~≠].结果表明:(1) 以T_b和ΔG~≠作判据,知5种单质炸药和5种混合炸药的对热抵抗能力次序分别为:NTO＞ENTO＞ANTO＞KNTO＞PbNTO和JP-1＞JD-1＞JO-6＞JOB-9003＞JH-16;(2) E_α=E_α的事实佐证不同温度下爆发分解反应延滞期内分解深度相等,由此所得A_σ值可信,谢苗诺夫方程推导过程中A_σG(α)的假设合理.     

理想混合炸药模型的提出及其应用

通过建立“理想混合炸药”模型 ,发现理想混合炸药的爆速 Did与纯组分炸药的爆速 Di和质量分数 Wi之间存在着定量关系 ,据此发展了一种计算混合炸药爆速的新方法。对大量混合炸药的计算结果表明 ,爆速计算值与实验值的一致性令人满意 ,平均误差 1.37%。本文方法的提出 ,不仅提供了一种预测混合炸药爆速的方法 ,而且对高爆速混合炸药的研究具有一定的指导意义     

纳米Al对RDX基炸药机械感度和火焰感度的影响

采用机械混合法制备了含纳米Al的RDX基混合炸药,测试了其机械感度和火焰感度,用扫描电镜表征了纳米Al及其炸药的表面形貌,分析了感度变化的原因。结果表明,加入纳米Al后,RDX基炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度增大;随着纳米Al含量的增加,撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度明显增大;且含纳米Al炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度均高于含微米Al炸药。纳米Al及含纳米Al炸药均存在微量团聚现象,在一定程度上影响了含纳米Al的RDX基炸药的感度。     

Investigation of Fireball Temperatures in Confined Thermobaric Explosions

New composite metalized explosives were studied. The explosives consisted of two different types of macroscopic granular multi‐component RDX‐based formulations. In a 0.15 m³ explosion chamber, fireball temperature histories for numerous cylindrical pressed and layered charges made from the composites were determined using optical spectroscopy. For comparison, charges consisting of simple mixtures instead of the composites as well TNT and RDX phlegmatized (RDXph) charges were also studied. The influence of the structure of the macroscopic granular composite, the charge type (pressed charge or layered charge with an RDXph core), oxygen availability (air or argon atmosphere) and aluminum particle size on the fireball temperature and the combustion of the aluminum powder were determined. The measured temperatures were compared with the theoretical ones calculated by assuming different activity of the aluminum fuel.     

Predicting Solubility of Military,Homemade, and Green Explosives in Pure and Saline Water using COSMO‐RS

The conductor‐like screening model for real solvents (COSMO‐RS) has previously been shown to give accurate aqueous solubilities for a range of organic compounds using only quantum chemical simulation data. Application of this method for solid organic explosives, however, faces two difficulties; it requires correction for the free energy of fusion (a generally unknown quantity for these compounds) and it shows considerable error for common explosive classes such as nitramines. Herein we introduce a correction factor for COSMO‐RS that is applicable to a wide range of explosives, and requires no data beyond a quantum chemistry calculation. This modification allows COSMO‐RS to be used as a predictive tool for new proposed explosives or for systems lacking experimental data. We use this method to predict the temperature‐dependent solubility of solid explosives in pure and saline water to an average accuracy of approximately 0.25 log units at ambient temperature. Setschenow (salting‐out) coefficients predicted by this method show considerable improvement over previous COSMO‐RS results, but are still slightly overestimated compared to the limited experimental data available. We apply this method to a range of military, homemade, and “green” explosives that lack experimental seawater solubility data, an important property for environmental fate and transport modeling.     

Effect of Aluminum Fiber Content on the Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX‐based Explosives

In order to analyze the effect of aluminum fiber contents on the underwater explosion performance of RDX‐based explosives, the pressure‐time curves of composite explosives with different aluminum fiber contents are measured by underwater explosion experiments. Peak pressure, impulse, shock energy, and bubble energy were obtained by analyzing the curves. The results show that the peak pressures of composite explosives decrease with increasing aluminum fiber contents. The shock impulse of the 30 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The effects of the 20 % and 40 % composite explosives are nearly equal to that of the 30 % explosive, and the different values of shock impulse among them do not exceed 5 %. The specific shock energy of the 20 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The bubble energy and explosion energy of composite explosives increase with increasing aluminum fiber contents.     

关于乳化炸药生产工艺及其安全管理探讨

在经历了30年发展历程,我国的乳化炸药生产技术水平在得到提高的同时也加快了发展速度。虽然在近几年时间内乳化炸药的生产环境、形式逐步踏入正轨,但是,由于前几年因该方面所引发的多起爆炸事故,说明在某些方面还存在着漏洞,尤其在生产工艺、安全管理方面上不可掉以轻心。因此,为了避免这种爆炸事故产生,现以乳化炸药生产线工艺、制备过程中所存在的安全隐患进行分析。     

Analysis of air blast effect for explosives in a large scale detonation

Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) has been widely used for demilitarization of expired explosives. However, OB/OD effects a variety of hazardous damages to environment. Therefore, using incinerators to treat expired explosives is required instead of OB/OD. To guarantee the safety of these demilitarization methods, the blast wave of the explosives should be previously recognized to evaluate the impact of detonations. Although various materials are used to produce explosives, most researches have focused on trinitrotoluene (TNT). Other representative explosives such as research department explosives (RDX) and high melting explosives (HMX) are seldom studied in the literature. Therefore, our aim was to understand the blast wave of three materials under different geometry throughout simulations. To improve accuracy and reduce computational time, a zoning technique with Euler-Lagrange coupling method was used. Due to limitations and difficulties of detonation experiments, simulations were verified by theoretical models. In case of semi-confined bunker, the simulation results were compared with experimental data, showing a close match. As a result, cylinder type is the safest incinerator among semi-confined bunker, cylinder, and cube incinerators, in terms of the blast wave.     

Analysis of Post Detonation Products of Different Explosive Charges

High explosive charges containing TNT, Comp. B, PBXN-106, TNT/TATB and the aluminium containing charges TNT/AN/Al, Comp. B/Al and a PBX high explosive with polyurethane binder, RDX, AP and Al have been initiated in a containment of 1.5 m³ in argon atmosphere. The gaseous and solid products were analyzed by mass spectrometry and other techniques. From the reaction products, the completeness of the Al reaction under different conditions was evaluated. The heat of detonation was calculated from the heat of formation of the products and the components of the explosive charges. The method described is suitable for studying the reaction behavior of components in composite explosives, especially of less sensitive high explosives.