阻燃材料中成炭剂的研究进展

介绍了膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)的组成及阻燃机理,综述了用于膨胀体系的成炭剂的研究进展,包括传统成炭剂、新型三嗪成炭剂等在聚合物膨胀阻燃中达到的阻燃效果,指出了三嗪成炭剂存在的缺点,并对三嗪成炭剂未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

新型有机硅阻燃成炭剂的热性能及成炭机理的研究

传统膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)中的炭源为小分子醇类化合物,因此阻燃剂具有易吸湿、易迁移、与聚合物基体不相容等缺点。为了改进这些缺点,合成了一种新型的含有机硅的三嗪类大分子成炭剂(CA),将其与多聚磷酸铵(APP)复配成膨胀型阻燃剂用于聚丙烯(PP)阻燃。通过红外光谱、热失重分析、极限氧指数、垂直燃烧、锥形量热仪、扫描电子显微镜等手段研究了CA的热性能、燃烧性能、成炭机理以及APP与CA的配比对PP阻燃性能、热稳定性能的影响。结果表明,所合成的CA显示出较好的热稳定性和优异的成炭性,残炭率为25.6%(600℃)。另外,APP与CA在阻燃PP中具有协同阻燃作用;IFR的加入能大幅度降低PP阻燃体系的热释放速率和总释放热,有效地降低烟释放量及烟释放速率,提高PP的阻燃性能。     

聚丙烯用化学膨胀型阻燃剂研究进展

综述了聚丙烯用化学膨胀型阻燃剂的研究进展,介绍了无机阻燃协效剂、新型成炭剂在含聚磷酸铵膨胀阻燃聚丙烯体系中的应用效果,以及新型化学膨胀型阻燃剂在聚丙烯中的使用情况。     

膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯复合材料相容性改进的研究进展

综述了改进膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯（PP）复合材料相容性的研究进展,相容性改进技术包括采用不同的成炭剂、微胶囊化、采用偶联剂、接枝改性、乳液共混以及合成和使用单组分膨胀型阻燃剂等。阻燃剂单体与PP接枝共聚、合成能与PP相容的含有膨胀型阻燃剂的炭源、酸源、气源的聚合物是相容性改进研究的发展方向。     

成炭剂及其膨胀阻燃体系的研究进展

介绍了近几年成炭剂及其膨胀阻燃体系的研究进展。分别介绍了传统型成炭剂(季戊四醇、双季戊四醇、淀粉、山梨醇)和新型成炭剂(三嗪类、聚酰胺、酚醛树脂、超支化成炭剂)在聚合物膨胀阻燃中的作用。并指出了现存成炭剂的缺陷,对未来开发出性能优良的成炭剂进行了展望。     

聚丙烯材料无卤阻燃改性研究进展

综述了近年来聚丙烯（PP）材料无卤阻燃改性技术的研究进展,并分析了其阻燃机理。用于PP材料的无卤阻燃剂以镁?铝系阻燃剂,磷系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂等为主。其中,无卤阻燃PP技术的研究中以成炭剂的开发及其复配方案最多,因此还对PP用成炭剂分子结构、应用方案等进行了详细介绍。     

β-环糊精基阻燃剂的应用进展

β-环糊精（β-CD）是一种用途广泛的天然高分子材料，具有来源广泛、价格低廉、可再生和可生物降解等优点。近年来，β-CD以其特殊的结构以及优异的成炭性能，在阻燃领域得以应用。本文简述了β-CD的来源、结构及其相关特性，讨论了β-CD作为膨胀型阻燃剂体系的成炭剂、协效剂以及形成一体化的膨胀型阻燃体系等方面的应用，分析了β-CD作为阻燃剂在阻燃过程中的阻燃机理，并指出β-CD在阻燃领域中存在的一些缺陷，认为今后应该进一步深化对β-CD在阻燃领域中的研究，提高β-CD的阻燃效率、合理的利用β-CD与其他阻燃成分的协同效应，开发新型复合高效的β-CD阻燃剂是未来的发展方向。     

一种高热稳定性磷氦系阻燃材料

本发明公开了一种高热稳定性的磷氮系阻燃材料,其特征在于,由磷氮膨胀型阻燃剂和负载活性组分的分子筛及其阻燃的有机聚合物构成。本发明采用酸性分子筛上负载促进成炭交联的过渡金属元素和磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂配伍使用,使磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃有机聚合物的分解温度提高,进而改善了其稳定性和阻燃性能。     

无卤膨胀阻燃剂研究进展

介绍了无卤膨胀型阻燃剂中成炭剂和"三位一体"阻燃剂的研究进展。指出了未来不仅需要开发更加高效的成炭剂和"三位一体"阻燃剂,而且在合成制备时应当研发和应用绿色化学技术。     

无卤阻燃聚合物抑烟的研究进展

综述了近10年来国内外关于无卤阻燃聚合物抑烟的研究进展。主要阐述了聚烯烃、环氧树脂、乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物、聚酯、聚氨酯及橡胶等聚合物在抑烟研究方面的最新进展。着重论述了膨胀阻燃剂、金属氢氧化物阻燃剂、实验室合成的新型抑烟剂、膨胀阻燃剂与金属氢氧化物协效阻燃体系,蒙脱土与膨胀阻燃剂协效阻燃体系,金属氧化物与膨胀阻燃剂协效阻燃体系等各组分用量及配比对聚合物烟密度的影响规律,并对它们的抑烟机理进行了讨论。结合目前研究中存在的问题,对无卤阻燃聚合物的抑烟研究方向进行了展望。     

三嗪膨胀阻燃剂/硅酸镁协效阻燃TPU的制备及性能研究

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂添加到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)中制备阻燃TPU材料,研究了阻燃TPU材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为和炭层的表面形貌。结果表明,纯TPU材料的极限氧指数仅为22.0 %,在空气中极易燃烧,当IFR添加量为28 %（质量分数,下同）,MgSiO3添加量5 %时,材料的极限氧指数提高到37.1 %,通过UL 94 V-0级,表现出很好的阻燃效果;但是IFR/MgSiO3的加入使材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率明显下降,也使得TPU材料的起始热分解温度提前,最大热降解速率峰值降低,同时材料的残炭量得到了很大程度的提高。     

Nickel-Aluminum Hydrotalcite for Improving Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene: Preparation,Synergy, and Mechanism Study

Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) are widely used in the field of flame retardant polypropylene (PP), but their flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression properties need to be further improved. Herein, a Ni-Al LDH (layered double hydroxide) is obtained successfully by coprecipitation and microwave hydrothermal technique and used as a synergist to improve the flame-retardant and smoke-suppression properties of triazine-based IFR. The results showed that IFR/Ni-Al LDH exhibited the best synergistic effect when the IFR is replaced by 5 wt% Ni-Al LDH. 17 wt% IFR/Ni-Al LDH enabled the PP composites to achieve UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI of 29.8%. Besides, the introduction of Ni-Al LDH effectively decreased the heat and smoke release of the PP/IFR composites due to its catalytic charring effect. This is mainly attributed that the introduction of metal ions in Ni-Al LDH effectively improved the strength and crosslinking degree of char layer and promoted the formation of a cohesive and dense char layer. The formed high-quality char layer effectively exerted the barrier effect in condensed phase. Therefore, the PP/IFR/Ni-Al LDH composites exhibited excellent flame-retardant and smoke-suppression performance. This investigation provided a facile way to prepare environment-friendly and high-performance flame retardant PP composites with wide application prospects.     

Synergistic effect of a novel charring agent with ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer

A novel charring agent poly(1,3‐propylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance. This novel charring agent combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was adopted as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to impart flame retardance and dripping resistance to acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS). Flammability and thermal behaviors of the treated ABS were investigated by limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the IFR with the novel charring agent had both excellent flame retardant and anti‐dripping abilities for ABS. The thermogravimetric analysis curves indicated that there was a synergistic effect between PPTA and APP, which greatly promoted the char formation of IFR‐ABS composites. Meanwhile, the thermal degradation mechanism of PPTA and APP/PPTA was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results demonstrated that APP changed the thermal degradation behavior of PPTA and reacted with PPTA to form a crosslinked structure. Additionally, the structure and morphology of char residues were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

A novel lanthanum-based phosphorus-containing flame retardant agent and its application in polylactic acid

Currently, intumescent flame retardants (IFR) are often used in the flame retardant modification of polylactic acid (PLA). Due to the high loading, it will weaken the mechanical properties of PLA. In this study, lamellar lanthanum-based DOPO derivative (La@DDP) is prepared by solution method, and it acts as a flame retardant agent was added into PLA with IFR. The results show that PLA composite passes the UL94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.0, in the addition of 4.5 wt% IFR and 1.5 wt% La@DDP. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the PLA composite reduces by 31.0% and 23.2% compared to pure PLA, respectively. IFR/La@DDP agents assign the PLA composite with excellent thermal stability and carbon-forming ability. Through the analysis of residual char, the synergistic flame retardant mechanism between IFR and La@DDP in PLA composite is discussed. Notably, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the PLA composites are only reduced by 4.03% and 9.51% compared to pure PLA. This work provides a novel lanthanum-based flame retardant agent for designing PLA composites with good fire safety and mechanical properties, and it will broaden the application range of PLA.     

聚丙烯用膨胀型阻燃剂与基体相容性改进的研究进展

针对无卤膨胀型阻燃剂与聚丙烯间存在相容性差的问题,综述了几种改善相容性的方法：对阻燃剂与聚丙烯进行表面改性,加入偶联剂、相容剂,采用微胶囊化技术;引入新型炭源;通过合成三组分一体化的单分子阻燃剂改善聚丙烯与阻燃剂的相容性。     

新型三嗪成炭剂的合成及无卤阻燃ABS的研究

合成了一种含氮的无卤的三嗪成炭剂—聚2一乙二胺基-4-苯氧基-1,3,5一三嗪,研究了合成反应的影响因素。利用FTIR,熔点测定仪以及滴定法测定氯产量对其结构和各元素含量进行了表征。研究了在聚磷酸铵和红磷存在的条件下,本成炭剂对丙烯睛一丁二烯一苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)的阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,该三嗪成炭剂的合成产率为93.9%,,用其阻燃的ABS表现出较好的阻燃性能。     

不同膨胀型阻燃剂改性聚丙烯/聚乳酸复合材料

用两种不同的膨胀型氮磷阻燃剂(IFR1和IFR2)阻燃改性聚丙烯(PP)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料。结果表明:两种阻燃剂在PP/PLA基体中都具有良好的分散性和界面粘合性。阻燃剂的加入降低了材料的力学性能,而含有25%阻燃剂的PP/PLA复合材料就能到达垂直燃烧试验(UL-94)的V0等级。燃烧过程中阻燃剂通过在材料表面形成致密的炭层来提高材料的阻燃性,其中IFR1对PP/PLA体系的阻燃改性效果更好。从力学性能和阻燃效果的双重考虑,质量含量25%的阻燃剂适合于PP/PLA材料的阻燃改性。     

Synergistic effect of organophosphate functionalized montmorillonite on properties and water resistance of intumescent flame‐retarded SEBS

Polystyrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene (SEBS) is a widely used thermoplastic elastomer. However, it suffers from poor flame retardancy. Proper combination of organic‐modified montmorillonite and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) works but is not stable due to easy absorption of moisture. In this study, a novel and stable halogen‐free flame‐retardant system is demonstrated by encapsulating a hydrophobic organophosphate, ie, bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) into a stable micelle and then “attaching” the BDP micelles to the montmorillonite (called: side‐intercalation). The resulted BDP modified montmorillonite (BMMT) has a large inter‐platelet spacing and demonstrated synergistic effect with IFR on flame retardancy, tensile property, and water resistance for the composite with SEBS. In addition to more homogeneous dispersion of IFR and BMMT, a longer‐lasting interfacial interaction between IFR and SEBS matrix with addition of small amount of BMMT also plays the role. The results suggest that BMMT can serve as an effective additive for formulating novel halogen‐free flame retardants for the SEBS to meet increasingly stricter environmental requirements.     

Effects of two kinds of THEIC‐based charring agents on flame‐retardant properties of polylactide

Two charring agents tris (2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate terephthalic acid ester, (dimer/trimer mixture TT23, and tetramer TT4) were synthesized by using tris (2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) and terephthalic acid (TPA) as raw materials. These two charring agents were combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form intumescent flame retardants (IFR) for polylactide (PLA). The thermal stability of IFRs were tested by TGA, it is found that APP/TT4 mixture has a higher thermal stability and a better char forming ability than that of APP/TT23 mixture. The combustion properties and thermal stability of PLA/APP/TT23 and PLA/APP/TT4 composites were evaluated by UL‐94 burning tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter tests and TGA, the chemical structure of char residues were analyzed by FTIR and XPS. It can be concluded that PLA with 30 wt % of APP/TT4 (weight ratio 5 : 1) achieved the greatest flame retardancy. Moreover, the continuous and expansionary char layer observed from SEM images proved better char forming ability of TT4 than that of TT23. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42086.