固体酸催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展

制备生物柴油最常用的方法是植物油和动物脂肪的均相碱或酸催化酯交换.与石油基柴油相比,从植物油和动物脂肪生产生物柴油的主要瓶颈是生产价格,特别是原料价格.为降低生物柴油成本,应利用廉价原料(如废油脂)、采用连续酯交换工艺并从生物柴油副产品(甘油)中回收高纯度甘油.均相酸催化剂虽反应产率高,但废催化剂会带来环境问题,故固体酸催化剂已成为目前研究热点.简述了固体酸催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展和发展趋势,最后提出了一些建议.     

新型生物柴油技术研究进展

综述了生物柴油的特性及生产方法,介绍了酯交换法制备生物柴油的反应机理及生产工艺,对各种工艺的优缺点进行了剖析,指出了生物柴油技术发展现在面临的问题及研究方向。     

植物油脂肪酸甲酯-生物柴油作替代燃料的意义

植物油脂肪酸甲酯-生物柴油以其优越理化性能迅速成为清洁代用燃料之一。对国内外生物柴油的生产方法、酯交换工艺、酯交换反应催化剂及生产应用状况作了论述。发展生物柴油产业对解决我国柴汽油供需平衡及其依赖进口、农业和生态等等问题有重要的影响意义,提出了该产业的发展对策以及对该产业的展望。     

生物柴油制备技术研究进展及展望

生物柴油作为一种对环境友好的可再生燃料,对解决能源和环境问题具有重要意义,所以生物柴油技术得到广泛研究。文章综述了生物柴油制备的反应机理和运用酯交换反应制备生物柴油的几种方法的研究进展,并结合实际生产对其优缺点和研究趋势进行了归纳总结和展望。     

酯交换法合成生物柴油的催化剂研究

生物柴油是一种环境友好型的可再生能源,目前最有效制备方法是化学催化酯交换法。概述了近年来制备生物柴油的各种催化剂,并探讨了其各自的优缺点。     

制备生物柴油的固体催化剂研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁、可再生能源。对催化油脂酯交换反应制备生物柴油的固体催化剂的研究进展进行综述,分析了各种固体催化剂的特性,并对催化油脂酯交换反应的固体催化剂今后研究方向进行讨论。     

生物柴油研究进展

综述了生物柴油主要生产国欧盟和美国的生物柴油发展状况及中国发展现状.总结了世界各国生产生物柴油所用原料,提出了劣质植物油及其油脚,利用贫瘠土地种植油料植物,废食用油(地沟油)为原料的适合我国国情的原料方案.对生产生物柴油的各种方法发展状况和优缺点进行了对比和总结,重点讨论了酸碱催化剂和生物酶催化剂在酯交换过程中的应用,并指出了生物柴油合成研究的方向.     

正交法探讨制备生物柴油的优化条件

植物油在NaOH为催化剂的作用下通过甲醇酯交换反应生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)。考察了反应条件如醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等的变化对生物柴油得率的影响。应用正交实验的方法找出植物油酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为:反应温度40℃,醇油物质的量比6∶1,催化剂用量0.8%,反应时间60 min。在此反应条件下生物柴油得率可达99.2%。实验所得的生物柴油主要质量指标已达到德国DINV51.606生物柴油质量标准。     

酯交换反应制备生物柴油催化剂的研究进展

生物柴油是一种环境友好型的可再生资源,本文介绍了生物柴油的制备技术,并综述了采用酯交换反应制备生物柴油所使用的催化剂的研究进展,简述了各种催化剂的优缺点。     

超临界酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺基础及其过程强化技术研究

生物柴油以其优良的环境友好性和可再生性成为近年来的研究热点.简述了生物柴油的特性,比较了生物柴油制备工艺的优缺点,重点介绍了超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的研究现状,指出以共溶剂和催化剂强化超临界过程可以有效地改善反应条件;同时对超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的热力学和动力学进行了探讨,包括状态方程、混合体系临界参数、反应速率常数和反应活化能的估算方法;最后对超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的经济性进行了分析.结果表明,超临界酯交换法具有与传统酸碱催化过程相当的竞争性,尤其是对以餐饮废油等低成本油为原料的生产过程.     

用棉籽油制备生物柴油

采用棉籽油为原料连续化生产生物柴油,研究了工艺及设备的设计。由棉籽油与甲醇在催化剂NaOH存在下由酯交换反应制得生物柴油。在优化条件下反应50 min,转化率达到99%。生产的生物柴油,各项指标与天然柴油相似。其各项燃烧指标优于或与普通柴油相仿,满足欧洲Ⅱ排放标准。     

基于超氧压法考察储备柴油氧化特性研究

采用超氧压法(ASTM D5304)对三种不同类型不同来源储备柴油进行模拟储存试验,通过不同氧化周期、研究酸值、实际胶质含量、运动粘度等理化指标变化趋势,结果表明,在加速氧化条件下,柴油酸值、实际胶质、运动粘度增加,凝固点、闪点、铜片腐蚀理化指标变化较小;三种储备柴油氧化安定性较好,所测理化指标均未超过普通柴油技术标准(GB252)。     

Bio-diesel production by alkali catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste scum

The potential of using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio-diesel production was investigated. Present study optimized the parameters involved in transesterification process of Dairy Waste Scum Oil. Gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid composition of Dairy Waste Scum Oil. Results revealed that the low free fatty acid content was a notorious parameter to determine the viability of alkaline transesterification. The yield of bio-diesel reached 96.7% when 1.2 wt.% of Potassium Hydroxide, reaction temperature of 75 °C, 30 min of time and 6:1 Methanol oil ratio at 350 rpm. Thermo gravimetric analysis followed the evaluation of transesterification process. The present analysis confirms that bio-diesel from dairy waste scum is quit suitable as an alternative to petroleum diesel with recommended fuel properties as per ASTM standards. This new way for using dairy waste scum reduces the cost of production of bio-diesel and the problem related to the disposal of Dairy scum.     

Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine fuelled with petroleum diesel and different bio-diesels

The performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine (ICE) engine fuelled with two bio-diesels are experimentally measured and analysed according to ISO 8178 standard and compared with that of the petroleum diesel. Two types of bio-diesel, type A and type B (defined in Section 1) with their blends of B5, B10, B20, B50 and B100 are tested and analysed. This study found that the performance of both bio-diesel fuels reduces with increasing blend ratio, with a torque decrease of 5% for both bio-diesels, and a fuel consumption increase of 7-10%. This can be attributed to the lower energy content of bio-diesel when compared with petroleum diesel. For both the bio-diesels, some emissions were found to be higher than petroleum diesel, while some were lower. Nitrogen Oxide (NO_x) emissions decreased by 14% for bio-diesel A, but increased by 17% for bio-diesel B. Carbon monoxides (CO) emissions were significantly reduced for both bio-diesel A and B, with reductions of 58% and 27% respectively. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were found to increase with increasing blend ratio for both bio-diesels, with an increase of 10% for bio-diesel A and 80% for bio-diesel B. Lastly, Carbon dioxides (CO₂) emissions were found to increase, with an increase of 6% for bio-diesel A and 18% for bio-diesel B. The study clearly found that each of the bio-diesels has different scale of effect on ICE performance and emissions and hence, it is essential to test bio-diesels before it can be recommended for mass scale production and for commercial use in ICE. However, the study indicates that the two major pollutant gas emissions are generally reduced when using bio-diesel, therefore bio-diesel can be considered to be a more environmentally friendly, secure and renewable approach of obtaining energy in the long run.     

生物柴油标准分析与制定研究

我国生物柴油技术的发展急需生物柴油标准的建立。本文分析了国内外生物柴油标准发展现状,讨论了国内现有生物柴油企业标准。建立了一系列生物柴油质量测试方法,测试了国内典型的3种工业生物柴油样品及原生植物油、柴油及20%生物柴油样品。在对测试结果和国际主要生物柴油标准进行对比和分析的基础上,对我国生物柴油标准的制定提出了建议。     

Production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends

This paper describes the production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends. The bio-oils used in this study were produced from the fast pyrolysis of woody biomasses, oil mallee and pine. The bio-diesel employed was derived from canola vegetable oil. The conditions used to prepare the bio-oil/bio-diesel blends, as well as some of the fuel properties of the resulting bio-diesel rich phase, are reported. The experimental results show that the solubility of fast pyrolysis oils in bio-diesel is not as high as was previously reported for decanted oils obtained by Auger pyrolysis. The carboxylic acids, mono-phenols, furans and lignin derived oligomers were the compounds most soluble in bio-diesel, while the sugars, on the other hand, showed poor solubility. Although the presence of phenols enhances the oxidation stability of the bio-diesel rich phases, other fuel properties deteriorate. For example, the content of solid residues increased primarily because of the solubilisation of lignin derived oligomers, which were quantified by UV-fluorescence. Concentrations as high as 3.5 mass % of these compounds were observed in the bio-diesel rich phase. The solubility of bio-oil in bio-diesel was enhanced by using ethyl acetate/bio-diesel blends. Some fuel properties of the bio-diesel rich phase, after the removal of ethyl acetate, are reported.     

On the potential of absorption and reactive adsorption for desulfurization of ultra low-sulfur commercial diesel in the liquid phase in the presence of fuel additive and bio-diesel

Sorption of sulfur components in the liquid phase was used to desulfurize ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) to below 1 ppmw S. Several concepts of sorption were considered by using both physisorption and chemisorption materials and conditions. Adsorption assisted by reaction with Ni sorbent was found to be most successful. Using a pre-commercial diesel representing a mature diesel on all aspects except for the absence of fuel stabilizers and bio-diesel, a sulfur breakthrough capacity of 2 mg S/g could be achieved using a Ni-sorbent at an acceptable LHSV of 0.7 h^− 1 on average. However, successive experiments indicated that the desulfurization capacity depended strongly on the presence of fuel-additive and bio-diesel in commercial ULSD. The presence of the cetane improver 2-ethylhexylnitrate (2­EHN) was shown to decrease the sulfur capacity by roughly 50%. The presence of bio-diesel (fatty acid methyl ester, abbreviated to FAME) was shown to completely disable the desulfurization process. This was confirmed by comparing BP Ultimate diesel with FAME (obtained in 2008) and without FAME (obtained in 2006). From this evaluation it turned out that the targeted breakthrough capacity of 1 mg S/g sorbent was within reach for commercial ULSD until late 2006 when adding bio-diesel to ULSD became common practice in Europe. Several attempts to remove the additives prior to desulfurization by using copper loaded zeolites, active carbon and silica gel proved unsuccessful to bring the sulfur adsorption capacity for current diesel to the level observed for 2­EHN and FAME-free diesel. It is concluded that sorption in the liquid phase does not yet represent a viable desulfurization technology for ultra-low sulfur diesel.     

菜籽油脱臭馏出物中生物柴油的排放特性研究

通过分子蒸馏技术从菜籽油脱臭馏出物中制备生物柴油,并通过对比试验,研究了柴油机燃烧生物柴油和普通柴油对发动机经济性和排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,脱臭馏出物中制备的生物柴油与普通的0#柴油性质相似,脂肪酸甲酯质量分数在90%以上。在生物柴油的排放中,除CO2排放和耗油率相对升高,CO2排放增加幅度达到20%左右;CO,CH和碳烟都相对降低,烟度和CH最高降幅分别达到54%和88%;NOx排放在高载荷阶段体积分数上升。     

新型乳化剂制备及其微乳柴油的研究

通过生物柴油或其原料油与二乙醇胺反应合成了能与油相溶,且具有较好的生物降解能力的环保型烷醇酰胺非离子乳化剂,并用该乳化剂对0^#柴油和生物柴油的微乳化进行验证。结果表明生物柴油与二乙醇胺合成的乳化剂效果最佳,具有较好的微乳化性能,乳化油在微量添加剂的作用下可与市场上的0^#柴油大量混溶。并研究了水和甲醇在乳化过程中的相互影响因素。乳化柴油配比为:柴油64%左右,乳化剂12%左右,添加剂3%左右,极性成分21%左右。     

国内外生物柴油技术的研究进展

本文将根据生物柴油近年来国内外的发展趋势,着重讨论生物柴油的制备工艺,酸碱催化、酶催化和离子催化等不同生物柴油的生产方式和不同的性质,所涉及的相关技术问题,以及用生命周期循环来评价生物柴油工艺和技术的可行性。