催化裂化新型环流汽提器的大型冷模实验

采用氧气示踪的方法在φ486mm×8000mm的有机玻璃床内对三种不同结构的催化裂化用催化剂汽提器(空筒结构、盘环形挡板结构和两段环流结构)在不同的工况下进行了系统的汽提效率模拟冷态对比实验。最终发现在实验条件下,新型环流汽提器具有更高的汽提效率,和空筒结构相比,最多可减少82%的可汽提焦炭量;和现有工业装置最常用的盘环形汽提结构相比,最多也可以减少48%的可汽提焦炭量。同时该型汽提器还具有结构简单的优点,易于在现有工业装置上改造和推广。     

高低并列式重油催化裂化汽提器挡板的结构优化

催化裂化汽提器的汽提效果对装置产品收率、能耗和长周期平稳高效运行有重要影响。高效的汽提器不仅可以提高轻质油品的收率、改善产品分布,更能降低再生器的烧焦负荷、减少催化剂的水热失活。当前常用的汽提器主要呈现两种结构形式,其一为填料结构汽提器,该汽提器空间利用率和汽提效率很高,但填料容易被焦块堵塞,不易清理,因而不适宜于重油催化裂化装置;另一种汽提器为挡板结构汽提器,该汽提器结构简单、汽提效率高、运行周期长,应用非常广泛。开孔挡板结构汽提器作为挡板结构汽提器中应用最广一种,其挡板区内气固流动特征及流场分布特点目前还研究较少,同时受实验条件和测量方法的限制,工业尺度开孔挡板结构汽提器更是鲜有研究报道。本研究将运用双流体模型结合分段曳力模型对一套工业规模催化裂化装置的锥环形挡板汽提器进行模拟,考察其流场特点和气固流体力学行为。发现模拟所得床层密度与工业实测值能较好吻合。模拟结果表明：挡板区内蒸汽并不严格呈“S”形穿过各块挡板向上流动,相邻环形挡板0.85相似文献   

鼓泡床取热器流动特性的数值模拟

应用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法,采用点源注射的进气方式对气固鼓泡流化床取热器内流动特性进行数值模拟。考察不同气速下床层膨胀高度、轴径向时均固含率分布、颗粒轴向速度分布及床层颗粒内循环流率的分布。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于描述鼓泡流化床取热器内气固两相的流动规律。     

散装填料汽提器流态化试验研究

用散装塑料阶梯环代替传统汽提段内构件,采用氢气示踪法在Ф90×1 000 mm的有机玻璃装置内研究了汽提气表观线速和催化剂循环量对汽提效率、床层膨胀率和床层平均密度的影响规律,并在同样的操作条件下和空筒汽提段进行了对比。试验中还对比考察了两种汽提段内汽提气的停留时间分布及流动差别。试验结果表明：填料汽提段和空筒汽提段相比不仅具有较高的汽提效率,而且能允许更高的催化剂循环量;提高了床层的有效利用率;填料的加入使汽提气的流动返混程度有所减小。     

RFCC化学汽提过程的模拟研究

采用欧拉模型耦合反应模型对重油催化裂化环流汽提段内的化学汽提过程进行了模拟研究,考察了汽提段内的颗粒体积分数分布、油气组分分布以及高温再生剂的加入对汽提效果的影响,并与实验值进行了对比。结果表明模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合。模拟得到的汽提段底部颗粒体积分数约为0.3～0.45,而在上部迅速降低至0.2左右。由汽提段底部向上,气体组分和汽油组分含量（质量分数）显著增加,在床层上部达到了20%左右,重组分含量显著降低至床层上部的约30%,而柴油组分含量保持在30%左右变化不大。随着再生剂的加入,汽提段顶部气体组分和汽油组分的含量增加,重组分和柴油组分的含量减小,当再生剂加入量为60%时,重组分含量降至18%。     

催化裂化汽提器技术研究进展

介绍了近年来催化裂化装置汽提器的研究现状,主要包括挡板汽提器的气固流态化行为,环流汽提器和填料型汽提器.叙述了气固两相在后两种汽提器内的流动特点,并指明了汽提效率优于挡板汽提器的原因.填料型汽提器在高催化剂循环通量条件下仍可有效降低再生器烧焦量,正适合原油重质化和利用催化裂化生产低碳烯烃的发展趋势.     

RFCC化学汽提过程的模拟研究

采用欧拉模型耦合反应模型对重油催化裂化环流汽提段内的化学汽提过程进行了模拟研究,考察了汽提段内的颗粒体积分数分布、油气组分分布以及高温再生剂的加入对汽提效果的影响,并与实验值进行了对比。结果表明模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合。模拟得到的汽提段底部颗粒体积分数约为0.3~0.45,而在上部迅速降低至0.2左右。由汽提段底部向上,气体组分和汽油组分含量(质量分数)显著增加,在床层上部达到了20%左右,重组分含量显著降低至床层上部的约30%,而柴油组分含量保持在30%左右变化不大。随着再生剂的加入,汽提段顶部气体组分和汽油组分的含量增加,重组分和柴油组分的含量减小,当再生剂加入量为60%时,重组分含量降至18%。     

两段气升式气固环流取热器导流筒壁与床层间的传热特性研究

在一套φ600 mm×7000 mm半圆形的大型有机玻璃两段环流实验装置上,采用FCC催化剂,在导流筒区表观气速0.101～0.670 m/s,环形区表观气速分别为0.049 m/s和0.099 m/s范围内,测定了导流筒壁与颗粒床层之间的传热系数、床层密度和颗粒环流速度的分布规律.结果表明床层密度和颗粒环流速度是影响传热的主要因素,而这两者的变化规律完全由导流筒区和环形区的气速来调控.传热系数随导流筒区气速的增加而增加,适当增加环形区气速能显著改善传热效果.实验结果表明,两段环流取热器比目前工业催化裂化装置使用的外取热器有较高的传热系数.通过理论分析,给出了两段环流取热器的传热系数关联式.     

催化裂化待生剂汽提器大型冷模实验装置的设计

以研究催化裂化技术为背景,依据汽提器的相关技术,拟设计建立一套催化裂化待生剂汽提器大型冷模实验装置,利用该装置对汽提器的汽提效率以及气固流态化状况进行系统的研究。该实验装置主要包括提升管、旋风分离器、快速分离器、汽提器及气体分布器等部件。本论文详细论述了该套实验装置各操作单元的设计过程,主要完成了工艺计算和设备计算。本设计的核心装置是汽提器装置部分。     

工业催化裂化汽提器内气固停留时间的数值模拟

在双流体模型以及团聚修正曳力模型的基础上,采用停留时间分布(RTD)模型,对工业催化裂化装置汽提器内气体和催化剂的停留时间进行了模拟计算,得到了人字型挡板、盘环型挡板和两段环流汽提器内气固两相的RTD特征。三种结构汽提器中气体的RTD曲线都呈现很不平滑的多峰分布,而催化剂颗粒的RTD曲线则呈现平滑的单峰分布,气体及催化剂颗粒的RTD曲线都出现了拖尾现象。模拟结果表明,三种汽提器内气体及颗粒的流动明显偏离平推流,催化剂的返混程度比气体强。与人字型挡板相比,盘环型挡板改善了汽提器内气固接触效果,从而提高汽提效率;与人字型挡板和盘环型挡板相比,两段环流汽提器不但改善了气固接触效果,还延长了催化剂颗粒的停留时间,并且降低催化剂的返混程度,模拟结果解释了工业两段环流汽提器汽提效率最高的原因。     

Jet penetration depth in a two-dimensional spout-fluid bed

The jet penetration depth was proposed to be an important parameter to describe the jet action during the chemical process of spout-fluid bed coal gasification. A two-dimensional cold model of a spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with its cross section of and height of 2000 mm was established to investigate the jet penetration depth. Four types of Geldart group D particles were used as bed materials. A multi-channel pressure sampling system and a high-resolution digital CCD camera were employed for experimental investigations. The effects of spouting gas velocity, spout nozzle diameter, static bed height, particle property and fluidizing gas flow rate on the jet penetration depth have been systematically studied by pressure signal analysis and image processing. Experimental results indicate that the jet penetration depth increases with increasing spouting gas velocity and spout nozzle diameter, while it decreases with increasing particle density, particle diameter, static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate. Additional, a new correlation considered all of the above effects especially static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate, was developed for predicting the jet penetration depth in spout-fluid beds. The correlation was compared with published experimental data or correlations, which was in well agreement with the present experimental results and some other references.     

Circulating fluidized bed combustion reactor: Computational Particle Fluid Dynamic model validation and gas feed position optimization

A 3D Computational Particle Fluid Dynamic (CPFD) model is validated against experimental measurements in a lab-scale cold flow model of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). The model prediction of pressure along the riser, downcomer and siphon as well as bed material circulation rates agree well with experimental measurements. Primary and secondary air feed positions were simulated by varying the positions along the height of the reactor to get optimum bed material circulation rate. The optimal ratio of the height of primary and secondary air feed positions to the total height of the riser are 0.125 and 0.375 respectively. The model is simulated for high-temperature conditions and for reacting flow including combustion reactions. At the high temperature and reaction conditions, the bed material circulation rate is decreased with the corresponding decrease in pressure drop throughout the CFB for the given air feed rate.     

竖直管气固鼓泡流化床传热机理的CPFD模拟

针对细颗粒气固鼓泡流化床中床料与竖直传热管壁面间的传热行为,在前期实验的基础上,采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法从颗粒在传热壁面更新的角度,深入分析了传热特性与壁面气固流动行为之间的关联性。结果表明,模拟得到的传热管壁面颗粒更新通量和基于颗粒团更新模型的颗粒团平均停留时间均能很好解释实验测得的传热系数变化规律,这证实颗粒团更新是影响传热过程的控制性因素。模拟还发现随加热管从床层中心向边壁的移动,加热管周向方向上颗粒更新通量和传热系数的不均匀性都呈增大趋势。随着表观气速的增大,气泡行为导致床层颗粒内循环流率增大,这是导致颗粒团在加热管壁面上的更新频率增大以及床层与壁面间传热系数增大的根源。     

Numerical simulation of horizontal jet penetration in a three-dimensional fluidized bed

The introduction of reactant gas as a jet into a fluidized bed chemical reactor is often encountered in various industrial applications. Understanding the hydrodynamics of the gas and solid flow resulting from the gas jet can have considerable significance in improving the reactor design and process optimization. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical simulation of a single horizontal gas jet into a cylindrical gas-solid fluidized bed of laboratory scale is conducted. A scaled drag model is proposed and implemented into the simulation of a fluidized bed of FCC particles. The gas and particles flow in the fluidized bed is investigated by analyzing the transient simulation results. The jet penetration lengths of different jet velocities have been obtained and compared with published experimental data as well as with predictions of empirical correlations. The predictions by several empirical correlations are discussed. A good agreement between the numerical simulation and experimental results has been achieved.     

催化裂化再生器树枝状气体分布器喷嘴的射流特性

在催化裂化装置中再生器底部通常设置有树枝状管式气体分布器,通过分布器上的喷嘴分布气体。但在实际运行过程中喷嘴常出现布气不均和磨损问题,影响其自身的布气性能和使用寿命。为此,在二维床实验装置上针对喷嘴的射流特性进行了实验研究。实验物料为FCC催化剂颗粒,喷嘴出口气速范围为30～70 m·s^-1,喷嘴喷射角度范围为0°～67.5°。实验用摄影观察法测量喷嘴射流的射流长度和附近的流场流态。实验结果表明射流长度随喷嘴气速和喷射角度的增大而变长。射流气体在向上翻转过程中,在树枝状管式气体分布器两分支管之间产生旋转涡流现象,旋转涡流的大小与喷嘴出口气速和安装角度有密切关系。最后基于实验数据,建立了喷嘴射流长度的计算模型。     

CPFD在细颗粒料仓下料中的应用

借助计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)的数值模拟方法,研究了细颗粒玻璃微珠在不同结构料仓内的下料特性,获得了料仓出口直径和半锥角对颗粒下料流动的影响。在实验室可视化下料平台开展了验证实验,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。模拟结果表明:下料流率与料仓出口直径2.5次方呈正比;料仓半锥角增大,下料流型从质量流过渡至漏斗流。CPFD模拟给出了料仓下料过程的细节信息,并获得了料仓结构对颗粒流动形态转变的临界面相对高度的影响。     

Statistical study of the grid zone behavior in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed using a mini-capacitance probe

The behavior of the grid zone in a shallow-air-sand fluidized bed was studied by means of a mini-capacitance probe coupled with the on-line correlation technique. Experiments were carried out in a bed with a diameter of 203 mm. The bed had a height of 50 mm and was operated at different air flow rates. A perforated “plexiglas” plate with a hole diameter of 1.59 mm and a thickness of 9.53 mm was used as the distributor. The technique has been found to be effective in determining locally or microscopically the jet penetration depth and the dead zone height. The phenomenon of jetting in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed is described semi-quantitatively.     

床形结构对气固流化床流化质量和气体返混特性的影响

用实验方法比较了一个二维床和一个大型三维床内FCC颗粒流化床在鼓泡域和湍动域内的流化质量和气体返混特性。实验结果表明,床形对A类颗粒气固流化床具有非常大的影响。二维床和三维床的流动和气固混合行为既具有相似性,如床膨胀随气速的变化趋势;也具有很大的差异性,既包括三维床流化质量差、轴向气体扩散系数大等量上的不同,又包括压力脉动、轴向气体扩散系数的变化趋势以及湾流模式等质上的不同。总之,在本研究中,二维床体现的是一种具有强烈壁效应的小型流化床的特征,而三维床则体现的是静床高度具有很大影响的大型流化床的特征。     

CFD simulation of gas solid flow in FCC strippers

In this paper, the hydrodynamic characteristics in bubbling fluidized beds (FCC Strippers) were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (Fluent 6.2.16). The modified Gidaspow drag model based on the effective mean diameter of the particle clusters predicted the expected bubbling fluidization behavior and bed expansion. Compared with the bed densities of in the empty-cylinder stripper, bed densities in the V-baffled stripper were at the superficial gas velocity of 0.10-0.20 m/s. The overall trend of the time-averaged bed density at various superficial gas velocities were in agreement with the experimental data. The results illustrated that internal baffles had an important effect on the fluidization hydrodynamics. Internal baffles improved break-up and redistribution of bubbles and intensified the gas-solid contact. The simulation results also indicated that appropriate modification of the internal configuration eliminated the dead flow region in the strippers, and enhanced the gas-solid mixing remarkably, showing benefit for the mass and heat transfer in the fluidized bed.     

高温环境下催化裂化催化剂磨损状况的研究

为研究流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂在高温环境下的磨损行为,在一套固定流化床装置中考察了FCC平衡剂CGP-I在500℃和600℃高温环境下磨损率的时变关系和过孔气速对磨损率的影响,分别从颗粒形貌、磨损动力学等方面对催化剂的磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明:随着磨损时间的延长,磨损速率逐渐下降;随着磨损温度和孔气速的增加,磨损率增大。通过分析结果并与Gwyn磨损动力学方程比较建立了宏观磨损平衡方程,整个磨损过程可近似看作一级不可逆过程,该催化剂磨损率随磨损时间和孔气速的升高呈指数关系增加,高温环境下催化剂的磨损行为主要受表层磨损机制支配。