有机无机杂化太阳能电池研究进展

简要介绍了有机无机杂化太阳能电池的结构及原理,以及激子的产生、分离及电荷的传输过程,综述了基于Cd基化合物纳米晶的杂化电池、Pb基化合物纳米晶的杂化电池以及其它半导体纳米晶的杂化电池的研究进展,并指出它们的优缺点和改进有机无机杂化电池性能的研究方向.     

Sol-Gel纳米无机/有机复合材料的研究进展及其应用

介绍了无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的主要制备方法Sol-Gel法和用途,综述了Sol-Gel无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的研究现状以及其最新进展,展望了无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的发展趋势。     

直接甲醇燃料电池用有机-无机杂化质子交换膜研究进展

介绍了直接甲醇燃料电池用有机-无机杂化质子交换膜的研究目的和意义,综述了杂化膜的种类、制备方法、结构与性能和质子传输机理,展望了杂化膜的研究方向。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备防腐耐磨杂化涂层的研究进展

有机无机杂化涂层兼有机涂层和无机涂层的双重特点和性能,具有优良的机械性能和阻隔作用,成为材料防护涂层研究的热点。阐述了溶胶-凝胶法合成有机/无机杂化涂层材料的原理和步骤,介绍了有机/无机杂化涂层在材料防腐耐磨方面的研究现状,提出了利用溶胶-凝胶法制备防腐耐磨杂化涂层存在的一些问题。     

有机-无机杂化材料制备质子交换膜的研究进展

综述了近年来采用有机-无机杂化材料制备质子交换膜的研究进展，重点介绍了由掺入了质子导电单元或经过磺化的有机-无机杂化材料制得的质子交换膜及由带磺酸基的有机硅通过溶胶-凝胶工艺制备的有机-无机杂化质子材料制得的交换膜，并从制备方法出发分析了每种质子交换膜的性能。     

溶胶─凝胶法制备无机/有机聚合物杂化材料的进展

介绍了溶胶─凝胶法制备无机/有机聚合物杂化材料的原理和基本过程,对杂化材料的制备方法和结构特点进行了概述,并预测了发展方向。     

有机薄膜太阳能电池发展探究

本文介绍了有机薄膜太阳能电池的概况、分类及发展趋势,阐述了利用有机、无机材料去制备有机/无机复合材料并应用于有机薄膜太阳能电池的必要性,最后介绍了非晶硅太阳电池的应用市场。     

有机-无机杂化复合材料膜内层叠制备新方法

叙述了有机-无机杂化复合材料溶胶-凝胶法、原位聚合法、共混法等制备方法。介绍了基于膜内层叠原理的有机-无机杂化复合材料制备新方法,该方法可以避免无机基团分布不均匀、无机基团难可控取向的缺点,将在有机-无机复合材料制备中发挥重要的作用。     

金颗粒掺杂对有机-硅光伏电池性能的影响

将金纳米颗粒(Au NPs)掺入导电聚合物聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩∶聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT∶PSS)薄膜中,制备了有机-硅杂化光伏电池。利用TEM和SEM对Au NPs及其掺杂的有机膜进行了表征。考察了金纳米颗粒对有机-硅杂化光伏电池光学和电学性能的影响。电池的电流密度-电压曲线(J-V)、外量子效率(EQE)和电容-电压曲线(C-V)测试结果表明,Au NPs的引入提高了电池的光电性能,与纯PEDOT∶PSS-硅电池相比,掺入金纳米颗粒制备的杂化光伏电池的光电转化效率(PCE)提高了24%,达到12.87%;在金纳米颗粒的等离子共振区域,电池对光的反射性能降低;当V(金纳米颗粒)∶V(PEDOT∶PSS)=0.15∶1.0时,膜的导电率由560 S/cm增加到860S/cm、PEDOT∶PSS-硅光伏电池的内建电场(Vbi)由0.68 V增加到0.78 V,金纳米颗粒与PEDOT∶PSS共同作用,极大地减少了电荷在传输过程中的损失,提高了电池中电荷的传输和收集效率。     

溶胶-凝胶技术在有机／无机杂化材料制备中的应用

应用溶胶-凝胶法制备有机／无机杂化材料,可根据前驱体的种类和制备方法等对材料微观结构进行裁剪和优化,并可实现材料的功能化。有机／无机杂化材料根据有机相和无机相的比例不同,可分为有机改性陶瓷型杂化材料和陶瓷改性有机物型杂化材料两类。本文综述了应用溶胶-凝胶技术制备有机／无机杂化材料的原理以及应用进展。     

Solid‐state dye‐sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells using TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures: recent progress and new concepts at the borderline

In the field of photovoltaic energy conversion, hybrid inorganic/organic devices represent promising alternatives to standard photovoltaic systems in terms of exploiting the specific features of both organic semiconductors and inorganic nanomaterials. Two main categories of hybrid solar cells coexist today, both of which make much use of metal oxide nanostructures based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as electron transporters. These metal oxides are cheap to synthesise, are non‐toxic, are biocompatible and have suitable charge transport properties, all these features being necessary to demonstrate highly efficient solar cells at low cost. Historically, the first hybrid approach developed was the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) concept based on a nanostructured porous metal oxide electrode sensitized by a molecular dye. In particular, solid‐state hybrid DSSCs, which reduce the complexity of cell assembly, demonstrate very promising performance today. The second hybrid approach exploits the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, where conjugated polymer/metal oxide interfaces are used to generate photocurrent. In this context, we review the recent progress and new concepts in the field of hybrid solid‐state DSSC and BHJ solar cells based on TiO₂ and ZnO nanostructures, incorporating dyes and conjugated polymers. We point out the specificities in common hybrid device structures and give an overview on new concepts, which couple and exploit the main advantages of both DSSC and BHJ approaches. In particular, we show that there is a trend of convergence between both DSSC and BHJ approaches into mixed concepts at the borderline which may allow in the near future the development of hybrid devices for competitive photovoltaic energy conversion. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Conjugated polymers/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrid materials--preparation, electrical transport properties and applications

This critical review discusses specific preparation and characterization methods applied to hybrid materials consisting of π-conjugated polymers (or oligomers) and semiconductor nanocrystals. These materials are of great importance in the quickly growing field of hybrid organic/inorganic electronics since they can serve as active components of photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, photodetectors and other devices. The electronic energy levels of the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid can be tuned individually and thin hybrid films can be processed using low cost solution based techniques. However, the interface between the hybrid components and the morphology of the hybrid directly influences the generation, separation and transport of charge carriers and those parameters are not easy to control. Therefore a large variety of different approaches for assembling the building blocks--conjugated polymers and semiconductor nanocrystals--has been developed. They range from their simple blending through various grafting procedures to methods exploiting specific non-covalent interactions between both components, induced by their tailor-made functionalization. In the first part of this review, we discuss the preparation of the building blocks (nanocrystals and polymers) and the strategies for their assembly into hybrid materials' thin films. In the second part, we focus on the charge carriers' generation and their transport within the hybrids. Finally, we summarize the performances of solar cells using conjugated polymer/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrids and give perspectives for future developments.     

The hybrid halide perovskite: Synthesis strategies,fabrications, and modern applications

The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite has several outstanding properties that are beneficial for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Their interesting properties and the use in several modern application, attracted attention of the materials researchers. However, in this review, we describe how hybrid perovskite-based solar cells has become an important renewable source of energy along with historical background and the future of this potential material. We also describe the synthesis and fabrication methods for preparing ultrathin to bulk perovskites and their crystallographic nature of pure and mixed metallic hybrid perovskite system. This review not only focused on properties of hybrid perovskite but also represents the drawback as well as the development and performance in different fields of application.     

Hybrid morphology dependence of CdTe:CdSe bulk-heterojunction solar cells

A nanocrystal thin-film solar cell operating on an exciton splitting pattern requires a highly efficient separation of electron-hole pairs and transportation of separated charges. A hybrid bulk-heterojunction (HBH) nanostructure providing a large contact area and interpenetrated charge channels is favorable to an inorganic nanocrystal solar cell with high performance. For this freshly appeared structure, here in this work, we have firstly explored the influence of hybrid morphology on the photovoltaic performance of CdTe:CdSe bulk-heterojunction solar cells with variation in CdSe nanoparticle morphology. Quantum dot (QD) or nanotetrapod (NT)-shaped CdSe nanocrystals have been employed together with CdTe NTs to construct different hybrid structures. The solar cells with the two different hybrid active layers show obvious difference in photovoltaic performance. The hybrid structure with densely packed and continuously interpenetrated two phases generates superior morphological and electrical properties for more efficient inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells, which could be readily realized in the NTs:QDs hybrid. This proved strategy is applicable and promising in designing other highly efficient inorganic hybrid solar cells.     

Challenges and strategies of all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskite solar cells

Hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced a rapid development in the past decade and a certified efficiency up to 25.5% has been achieved. However, the presence of toxic lead component and the inherent poor thermal stability of the organic cations in the hybrid lead halide perovskites obstruct the commercial applications of their corresponding photovoltaic devices. Therefore, fabricating high-efficient all-inorganic lead-free PSCs is a promising direction. This review summarizes the related research progress, which mainly focuses on the structural and optoelectronic properties of inorganic lead-free perovskites and devices. In particular, the strategies for improving the properties and stability of Cs–Sn perovskites, as well as enhancing the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding devices are highlighted. An outlook of challenges and future directions regarding to all-inorganic lead-free PSCs are also proposed.     

A Novel Method for Preparing Vertically Aligned CdS Nanorod Arrays and Its Application in Photovoltaic Cells with P3HT Fibers

Vertically aligned cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorod arrays were prepared through a novel thermal annealing route. By embedding the as-prepared CdS nanorod arrays into the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofiber (NF) matrix, the photovoltaic devices were fabricated with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CdS arrays/P3HT NF/Au. The device performance was highly dependent on the P3HT NF layer thickness in this structure, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.23 % was obtained for optimal P3HT NF layer thickness of 150 nm. In addition, much higher PCE of 0.84 % was achieved after post-annealing. The significantly improved photovoltaic performance may be caused by the increased interfacial areas between P3HT NFs and CdS nanorods for efficient charge separation, as well as the decreased inter-nanocrystal distance caused by insulating organic ligands after the annealing treatment. The results demonstrate a promising inorganic–organic hybrid photovoltaic structure with vertically aligned CdS nanorods arrays.     

Synthesis and proton conducting properties of zirconia bridged hydrocarbon/phosphotungstic acid hybrid materials

Recently, the organic/inorganic hybrid materials with flexibility, thermal, and chemical stabilities are extensively studied for the application of temperature tolerant polymer electrolyte fuel cells. This paper reports the preparation and properties of sol-gel derived proton conducting organic/inorganic materials based on zirconia bridged hydrocarbon phosphotungstic acids. The materials are molecular hybrids where linear hydrocarbons such as trimethylene glycols (TMGs) or octamethylene glycols (OMGs) are covalently bonded to zirconia interface to form macromolecular organic/inorganic networks. The hybrid materials become proton conducting polymer electrolytes by the addition of 12-phosphotungstic acids. The hybrid materials showed high thermal stability, and high protonic conductivity of 4×10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ under saturated humidity condition at 150 °C. The materials can be expected to be used for the application of temperature tolerant polymer electrolyte fuel cell.